8 enzymes of vitamin B -Answer- Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, B12, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, B6 Niacin can be synthesized from? -Answer- tryptophan Major functions of Folate -Answer- Formation of DNA, metabolize amino acids, formation of neurotransmitters Synthetic form of folate? -Answer- folic acid Folate deficiencies can cause? -Answer- macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects major functions of vitamin B12 -Answer- formation of blood, folate metabolism, homocysteine metabolism, maintains myelin sheaths deficiency of vitamin B12 -Answer- lack of HCL - atrophic gastritis lack of intrinsic factor - pernicious anemia vitamin C -Answer- water soluble vitamin ascorbic acid important antioxidant deficiency of vitamin C -Answer- smokers at risk could cause scurvy toxicity -Answer- GI disturbances what can Vitamin C protect against -Answer- cancer, heart disease, common cold symptoms of beriberi -Answer- edema, extreme fatigue innate immunity -Answer- nonspecific, present at birth, physical barriers, HCL, fever acquired immunity -Answer- adaptive or specific, develops as we age, production of antibodies oxidizing agents -Answer- cause cell damage, free radicals (unpaired electron, unstable), initiate cascade of disturbance antioxidants -Answer- able to stop or repair free radical damage, largely supplied by diet vitamin E -Answer- fat soluble vitamin, important antioxidant in lipid-rich areas of body most active form of vitamin E? -Answer- alpha tocopherol where is vitamin E stored? -Answer- adipose tissue Vitamin E deficiency -Answer- rare, can cause hemolytic anemia vitamin E toxicity -Answer- can cause hemorrhagic stroke Vitamin A -Answer- fat soluble vitamin provitamin sources of Vitamin A -Answer- carotenoids still needs to be activated no risk of toxicity preformed vitamin A is? -Answer- retinoids active and ready to go risk of toxicity what does vitamin A do for eye health? -Answer- maintains clear cornea transports light energy to nerve impulses in retina vitamin A deficiency -Answer- progressive vision impairment xerosis -Answer- dryness of cornea keratinization -Answer- buildup of protein in eye hyperkeratosis -Answer- skin becomes rough and scaly whos at risk for vitamin A toxicity? -Answer- supplement takers teratogenic risk -Answer- can cause a birth defect what are carotenoids? -Answer- fat soluble plant pigments carotenosis -Answer- skin turns orange major functions of vitamin D -Answer- regulate blood calcium levels, bone calcification, hormone can vitamin D be synthesized in the body? -Answer- yes vitamin d and skin -Answer- need more sun exposure the darker skin you have vitamin D deficiency -Answer- rickets, osteomalacia (adult rickets), osteoporosis