Accuracy >>>>how close a measurement is to the true value dependent variable >>>>changes in response to the independent variable (what you measure in an experiment and what's affected during the experiment) Hypothesis >>>>a proposed explanation for an observation Independent variable >>>>(often denoted by x) doesn't depend on something else Scientific notation >>>>how scientists handle large or small numbers Significant Figure >>>>all the nonzero digits of a number and the zeros that are included between them or that are final zeros and signify accuracy SL unit for mass >>>>based on meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, and mole w/ set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division by a power of ten Theory >>>>well-supported explanation that's been repeatedly tested Aristotle >>>>laid the foundation for science (constructed an explanation for his observations of falling objects)(only made logical assumptions from observations) Galileo >>>>tested his theories (T/F) Science cannot prove anything 100% >>>>(true) science cannot prove anything 100% Science >>>>Process that follows rules/procedures to answer questions about the natural world How many new experiments does it take to disprove a theory? >>>>It takes one new experiment to disprove a theory The scientific method is an ___ process >>>>The scientific method is an ONGOING (or fluid) process Scientific Method Steps >>>>Observe, hypothesis, test hypothesis, make conclusion, report result precision >>>>How close two measurements are to each other Write 7.7847 * 10^4 in standard notation w/ 2 sig figs >>>>78,000 Write 7.4 * 10^-2 in standard notation w/ 2 sig figs >>>>0.074 Physical properties >>>>associated w/ characteristics of molecules that can be tested w/out changing the chemical make-up of compounds (magnetism, boiling point, melting point, color, taste) (T/F) Decomposition is considered a physical change >>>>False, decomposition is a chemical change because molecules are changing Chemical change >>>>Chemical reaction, chemical makeup is changed Physical change >>>>When a substance's physical form is changed What is the difference between a property of matter and a change in matter? >>>>Properties tell us about elements, and changes determine these properties (physical/chemical) Cutting paper >>>>Physical (physical/chemical) boiling vinegar >>>>Physical (physical/chemical) Iron nail rusting >>>>Chemical (physical/chemical) Reacting magnesium with hydrochloric acid >>>>Chemical Four states of matter >>>>Solid (snow), liquid (water), gas (helium), plasma (lightning strikes) 3 Criteria of classifying matter >>>>Compressibility, shape, volume Shape and volume are defined in terms of ___ or ___ >>>>Definite (can't be changed) or Indefinite (can be changed) (T/F) Liquids are compressible >>>>False, liquids are not compressible (T/F) Gases have higher compressibility than liquids >>>>True, gases have higher compressibility than liquids What state of matter has an indefinite shape and is compressible? >>>>Liquids Which state of matter is compressible and has indefinite shape? >>>>Gases (T/F) Liquids have indefinite shapes, but are still incompressible >>>>True, liquids have indefinite shapes but are incompressible Solids have ___ volume >>>>definite Solids have a ___ volume, ___ shape, and are ___. >>>>Solids have a DEFINITE volume, DEFINITE shape, and are INCOMPRESSIBLE extensive property >>>>depends on the amount of matter in a sample (ex? mass and volume) intensive property >>>>does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample (ex? boiling point, freezing point, temp, color, hardness, density of water. 1 cup has the same density of 1 gallon) (intensive/extensive) Melting Point >>>>Intensive (intensive/extensive) Length >>>>Extensive (intensive/extensive) width >>>>Extensive (intensive/extensive) Malleability >>>>Intensive (intensive/extensive) Weight >>>>Extensive (intensive/extensive) Luster >>>>Intensive (intensive/extensive) Mass >>>>Extensive (intensive/extensive) 12.6 grams >>>>Extensive (intensive/extensive) 2.30 liters of gas >>>>Extensive Pure substance >>>>constant composition Mixture >>>>a combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties Compounds >>>>pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes are called compounds Elements >>>>pure substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes Mixtures >>>>composed of molecules that include multiple separate compounds (heterogenous or homogenous mixture) Heterogenous mixture >>>>unevenly mixed (italian dressing)