Hemophilia Pedigree - Father has hemophilia, mother does not. What is the outcome for their kids? - Answer - His daughters would be carriers. This is x-link recessive.

Autosomal:

Dominant: - Answer - Autosomal: males and females equally affected. 

Dominant: non-carrier parents

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answer - The process of copying DNA in the lab. Uses Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA primers.

3 Steps of PCR - Answer - 1. Denaturation: DNA is heated to 95C to separate it.

2. Annealing: reaction is cooled to 50C; primers stick to the DNA you want to copy and add DNA polymerase.

3. Elongation: reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase, adding nucleotides building a new DNA strand.

Base Excision Repair (BER) - Answer - How you repair a mutation. BER is used to repair damage to a base caused by harmful molecules. You remove the base that is damaged and replace it. *BER removes a single nucleotide*

DNA glycolsylase - sees damaged DNA and removes it.

DNA polymerase-puts the right one back in while DNA ligase seals it.

Mismatch repair (MMR) occurs during: - Answer - replication. DNA polymerase proofreads but sometimes a mismatch pair gets through. MMR removes a large section of the nucleotides from the new DNA and DNA polymerase tries again. (Ex: C-T instead of C-A)

Mismatch Repair corrects what kind of DNA damage? - Answer - When a base is mismatched due to errors in replication. Such as G-T instead of G-C. DNA polymerase comes by and fixes it.

What happens when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA? - Answer - TRANSCRIPTION! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work.

What is needed for DNA replication? - Answer - DNA polymerase

Nonsense Mutation - Answer - Change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon Stop= nonsense because it is no more.

Silent Mutation - Answer - Change in 1 nucleotide but codes for the same amino acid. Silent= the change doesn't change the name of the protein