1. Which of the following best describes the concept of backward design in curriculum development? A. Designing the curriculum from the end goals and outcomes backward to the beginning B. Designing the curriculum in a linear fashion from start to finish C. Designing the curriculum based on the instructor's personal preferences D. Designing the curriculum based on current trends in nursing education Answer: A. Designing the curriculum from the end goals and outcomes backward to the beginning Rationale: Backward design focuses on identifying the desired outcomes and goals of a curriculum first, and then designing the teaching and assessment strategies to achieve those outcomes. 2. Which of the following is a key component of constructivist learning theory in contemporary curriculum design? A. Lecture-based teaching methods B. Passive learning approaches C. Student-centered learning experiences