Upper respiratory tract consists of - nose nasal cavity mouth pharynx larynx lower respiratory tract consists of - trachea lungs bronchial tree airway consists of - nose nasal cavity mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchial network what is the function of alveoli? - allows for exchange of gas the right lung has how many lobes? - 3 left lung has how many lobes? - 2 what is the function of pleural membrane? - reduces friction when you breath what are the respiratory muscles? - diaphragm intercostal muscles what are the functions of respiratory system? - - supply O2 through body - get rid of CO2 - filters air - speech - smell (think chemoreceptors) - helps maintain homeostasis Hyper or Hypoventilation: increases blood pH (acidosis) - Hyperventilation Hyper or Hypoventilation: decreases blood pH (alkalosis) - Hypoventilation Inhalation or Exhalation? - diaphragm contracts, moves down, increasing chest cavity, pressure decreases - outside air is under more pressure than air inside lungs - inhalation Inhalation of exhalation? - diaphragm/intercostals relax, chest cavity decreases - controlled by medulla oblongata - exhalation _________________________________ monitors the level of CO2 in blood, signals breathing rate when levels are too high - medulla oblongata circulatory system consists of what 3 major parts? - - blood - blood vessels - heart ___________, this system cleans up excess fluids and proteins, returning them to circulatory system - lymph vascular system name the walls of blood vessels: - tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia function of blood: - - helps maintain internal environment by carrying raw materials - removes waste - helps stabilize pH - hold 5qts of blood blood is composed of: - RBC WBC platelets plasma function of red blood cells: - transports o2 to cells how long can RBC live up to? - 4 months where does RBC form? - in bone marrow function of WBC: - defend against infection removes wastes forms platelets for coagulation name 5 types of WBC - N.E.M.B.L neutrophils eosinophils monocytes basophils lymphocytes heart is made of what tissue? - cardiac muscle tissue this tissue is "self-exciting" - cardiac muscle tissue what separates the atrium from ventricle? - atrioventricular valve ___________________ prevent backflow - valves the heart has how many chambers? - 4 what is the function of the sinoatrial node "cardiac pacemaker"? - - generates electrical signals through purkinje fibers, stimulating contraction to fill R ventricle with blood - SA node transmits signal to right ventricle through AV valve (tricuspid) - R ventricle contracts - AV valve closes, pulmonary semilunar valve opens - blood pumped out of arteries to lungs - blood from lungs fills left atrium - mitral valve (bicuspid) opens, blood fills ventricle - mitral valve closes and aortic semilunar valve opens - left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped out of aorta and to rest of body circulation: blood to heart - coronary circulation: blood between heart and lungs - pulmonary circulation: blood to entire body - systemic circulation: flow of blood from digestive system to liver, then heart - portal circulation: flow of blood between heart and kidneys - renal Name all the types of circulation systems: - coronary pulmonary systemic portal renal arteries or arterioles: where adjustments are made in blood delivery - arterioles What are capillary beds? - diffusion sites for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid capillary, artery or vein? thinnest wall of any blood vessel - capillary bed capillary beds merge into _________________ then _______________ - venuoles, veins artery or vein: transports blood from body tissues back to the heart - veins what is the function of lymphatic system? - - to return excess tissue fluid to the blood stream - return of protein from capillaries - transport of fats from digestive tract Lymph vascular system consists of: lymph _________ lymph _______ lymph __________ - lymph capillaries lymph ducts lymph vessels Lymphoid organs consist of: - - lymph nodes - spleen - appendix - adenoids - thymus - tonsils function of spleen: - - filters blood stores of RBC and macrophages - filters unwanted materials from blood - fights infection function of thymus: - secretes hormones, is the major sign of lymphocyte production blood vessels are connected to the spleen by what _____________ ____________ - splenic sinuses name some peritoneal ligaments that support the spleen - - gastrolineal ligament - lienorenal ligament - phrenicocolic ligament Functions of the gastrointestinal system: - - movement - secretion - digestion - absorption ________________ in saliva help initiate breakdown of starches - enzymes stomach functions: - - mixing and storing food - dissolving and degrading food via secretions - passage of food into small intestine where does protein digestion begin? - in the stomach what helps make nutrients available for absorption? - stomach acid smooth muscle moves food through _________________ - peristalsis (contracting and relaxing) what is the largest organ? - liver what is the largest gland? - liver how much does an average liver weigh? - 3lbs