1. What is the role of oncogenes in cancer development? - A) Suppress tumor formation - B) Repair DNA - C) Promote cell division - D) Enhance immune response Answer: C) Promote cell division Rationale: Oncogenes are genes that, when mutated or expressed at high levels, can transform a normal cell into a cancerous one by promoting uncontrolled cell division. 2. Which genetic syndrome is associated with a high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer? - A) Down syndrome - B) Turner syndrome - C) Lynch syndrome - D) BRCA1/2 mutations Answer: D) BRCA1/2 mutations Rationale: Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. 3. How does the p53 gene contribute to tumor suppression? - A) By promoting angiogenesis - B) By inducing apoptosis in damaged cells - C) By activating oncogenes - D) By increasing mutation rates Answer: B) By inducing apoptosis in damaged cells Rationale: The p53 gene produces a protein that can stop the cell cycle, allowing for DNA repair or inducing apoptosis if the damage is irreparable, thus acting as a tumor suppressor. 4. What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)? - A) It confirms a diagnosis of CML - B) It is a result of translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 - C) It indicates a poor prognosis - D) It is a protective factor against CML Answer: B) It is a result of translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22