Which structures lies medial to the left thyroid lobes -Answer- Larynx Common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide -Answer- Graves disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular Parathyroid glands produce hormone that affects which organs -Answer- kidneys, bones gastrointinal bone Thyroid hormones -Answer- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonion Multiple thyroid nodules are described as _________ -Answer- Multinodular goiter (MNG) What is the thin bridge of thyroid tissue called that straddles the trachea anteriorly? - Answer- Isthmus The isthmus is the smallest portion of the gland with an AP diameter of ____ to ____ mm -Answer- 4 to 6 How many strap muscles lie along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland -Answerthree The ______ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe along the anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae -Answer- longus colli When thyroid hormones are needed in the body, they are released into the bloodstream by the action of the ________ which is produced in the pituitary gland. -Answer- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone is regulated by ___________ which is produced by the hypothalamus -Answer- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Normal parathyroid glands are located _______ to the surface of thyroid -Answerposterior ______ decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood by first acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown of calcium. -Answer- Calcitonin When thyroid is producing the correct amount of thyroid hormone, it is considered to be normal, or ________________. -Answer- Euthyroid Under secretion of thyroid hormones is called _________ and is the most commo thyroid disorder. -Answer- Hypothyroidism What are the clinical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism? -Answer- weight gain, hair loss, increased subcutaneous tissue around the eyes, lethargy, slowing motor, cold intolerance, constipation Oversecretion of thyroid hormone results in _______. -Answer- Hyperthyroidism _______ occurs when the entire thyroid gland is not functioning properly usually from diffuse enlargement or localized nodule or adenoma causing an over-production of thyroid hormones. -Answer- Grave's Disease Clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism -Answer- weight loss, increased appetite, irritable, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, palpitations, protruding eyes (exophthalmos) The most common laboratory test to evaluate thyroid function is ___________ -Answerserum thyroxine ______ is a thyroid test that can determine its function by combining iodine uptake scan and thyroid scan -Answer- Scintigraphy The _________ thyroid scan will detect the amount of radioactive tracer to image the thyroid glad and demonstrate the thyroid size, shape & position -Answer- nuclear medicine A concentrated amount of radioactivity in the thyroid will be imaged as a ______ (hyperfunction) nodule and an lower concentration of radioactive tracer will demonstrated absence of uptake as _______ (nonfunctioning) nodule -Answer- hot, cold Hot nodules are typically ______ and cold nodules have the potential to be ______ - Answer- benign, malignant Normal sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland is fine _______ echotexture that is slightly more echogenic that the surrounding musculature -Answer- homogeneous Approximately 80% of nodular thyroid disease is due to _________ or compensatory ______ forming micronodules and micronodules of the gland -Answer- hyperplasia, hypertrophy The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwid