What type of Diabetes is also called 'Juvenile diabetes,' and is an autoimmune disorder resulting from genetics, environmental trigger, hypersensitivity reaction? - Correct Answer- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Which type of Diabetes involves the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and results in an absolute deficiency of insulin? - Correct Answer- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Which type of Diabetes involves insulin resistance where the effect of insulin is blunted in skeletal muscle and liver? - Correct Answer- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Which type of Diabetes involves progressive impairment of beta cells, deranged secretion of insulin, or the eventual exhaustion/failure of beta cells, and increased glucose production by liver? - Correct Answer- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus The following risk factors are for what disease? -Family history -Overweight -Sedentary lifestyle -Cardiovascular disease -Hypertension -Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -Psychiatric Illness -Latino/Hispanic, Black, Asian American, Native American, or Pacific Islander decent -History of delivering infant >9 Ibs. - Correct Answer- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus What is the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? - Correct AnswerRegardless of cause, 1. pancreatic beta cells have decreased release of insulin (leads to decreased glucose uptake AND increased hepatic glucose output and eventual hyperglycemia). 2. Skeletal muscle has increased insulin resistance (leads to decreased glucose uptake, and eventual hyperglycemia). The following risk factors are for what disease? -Family history -Beta cell autoimmunity -Autoimmune disease -Infection -Environmental exposure -Chemical exposure -Dietary exposure - Correct Answer- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The following risk factors are for what disease? -Family history -History of stillbirth or spontaneous abortion -Fetal abnormalities in previous pregnancy -Previous heavy infant -Obese -Advanced maternal age -Greater than or equal to 5 pregnancies - Correct Answer- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Which disease has the following presentation? -Abdominal obesity -Increased free fatty acids -Beta cell dysfunction -Insulin resistance -Overproduction of glucose by liver - Correct Answer- Metabolic Syndrome What is the NCEP ATP III Criteria for diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome? - Correct Answer- -Abdominal obesity: waist >35 in. in women, >40 in. in men -Triglycerides > or equal to 150 mg/dL -HDL <50>130/85 -Fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL Which disease has the following signs and symptoms? -Excess glucose not reabsorbed/water loss -Intracellular dehydration -Cellular starvation -Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy* -Lens and retina exposed to hyperosmotic fluid -Temporary dysfunction of peripheral nerves - Correct Answer- Diabetes Mellitus *Osmotic diuresis, fat, and protein used for energy (ONLY for TYPE 1 DM) When should individuals get tested for diabetes? - Correct Answer- All individuals 45 years and older. Below 45 years old if: -1st degree relative has DM -Obese -physical inactivity -High risk ethnic population -Women with PCOS -Have HTN, HLP, or CVD What are 3 diagnostic tests for Diabetes? - Correct Answer- -Fasting blood glucose test -Oral glucose tolerance test -HbA1c test How long must one fast in the fasting blood glucose test? - Correct Answer- 8 hours