Why are nitrate-free periods every 24 hours necessary for the patient on nitroglycerin therapy? - ANSWER To inhibit the development of tolerance What does a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicate? - ANSWER Hyperthyroidism What would be the best option to treat a newly diagnosed patient with a low TSH level with? - ANSWER Propanolol (Inderal) Spironoaldactone (Aldactone) has what mechanism of action (MOA)? - ANSWER Aldosterone antagonist Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by what? - ANSWER Upregulating the activity of one of the body's natural anticoagulant molecules, antithrombin III What physiologic action happens when the offending drug is administered during an anaphylactic reaction. - ANSWER Mast cells liberate large doses of histamine. What are two systemic psoriasis medications? - ANSWER Photo-therapy and topical corticosteroids What is the first choice of drug therapy for the majority of patients with uncomplicated stage I hypertension? - ANSWER Thiazide diuretics What is the effect of cardiac glycosides? - ANSWER Digitalis glycosides have a negative chronotropic effect on the cardiac muscle cells. Amenorrhea is the most common side effect of which birth control medication? - ANSWER Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) What is an anti-hypertensive agent which competes with epinephrine for available betareceptor sites? - ANSWER Atenolol (Tenormin) What type of action does nitrates have on the body? - ANSWER Reduction in systemic venous tone. What is the recommended level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) for patients with known coronary artery disease? - ANSWER 100mg/dl or less. This study source was downloaded by 100000835004878 from CourseHero.com on 01-08-2023 09:12:10 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/169679001/Advanced-Pharmacology-Final-Exam-Review-2022docx/ What is the MOA of group IV anti-dysrhythmia drugs? - ANSWER Depressing phase 4 depolarization and lengthening phases 1 and 2 repolarization. Which drug therapy should be used to lower the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and re-establish eumetabolic state in a patient with Graves' disease? - ANSWER Anti-thyroid drugs. Which type of diuretic would be used for a stage I hypertension in a patient with renal insufficiency? - ANSWER Loop diuretic. What drug should be considered as first-line therapy for a client with hypertension and heart failure? - ANSWER Enalapril (Vasotec) Which drug is considered safe for hypertension treatment during pregnancy? - ANSWER Methyldopa (Aldomet) What drug will reduce afterload because it is an alpha-adrenergic blocker? - ANSWER Prazosin (Minipress) What is an expected effect of the use of a beta-adrenergic blocker to control angina? - ANSWER Reduced force of cardiac contraction. What side effect should be monitored closely in the elderly when taking Metformin (Glucophage) for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER Lactic acidosis. What is the primary role of cytochrome p-450 in the liver? - ANSWER Deactivate and detoxify medications and other substances. What is a component of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - ANSWER Prothrombin How are IV morphine and nitroglycerin beneficial in acute heart failure? - ANSWER Decrease preload. What is the purpose of administering a vasodilating drug to a patient in heart failure? - ANSWER Decrease afterload. What are some contrindications for HMG-co A reductase inhibitors (statins)? - ANSWER They cause myopathies, especially at higher doses or in combination with certain drugs. They should never be used in patients taking Warfarin (Coumadin). Which drug can reduce serum LDL the most in patients with hyperlipidemia? - ANSWER Lovastatin (Mevacor) Which drug is contrindicated in a patient with Myasthena Gravis? - ANSWER Procainamide (Pronestyl).