Absolutism ✔✔The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally Abstract Expressionism ✔✔No identifiable subject matter. Expresses feelings of artists. Emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values. Pollack Act of Union ✔✔1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament. Konrad Adenauer ✔✔The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government (1876-1967) Gustavus Adolphus ✔✔Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632) Agatir ✔✔Moroccan Crisis: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together Age of Absolutism ✔✔1650-1789, a purposeful attempt by European rulers to attend their royal or dynastic control over all aspects of life in the lands they ruled Age of Anxiety ✔✔time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of lifewas being questioned around the world because of the harsh brutality of World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future Age of Metternich ✔✔period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot ot opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece Age of Montesquieu ✔✔first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc Age of Rousseau ✔✔second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror, Thermidorian Rebellion, Directory Agricultural Revolution ✔✔The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled Alexander II ✔✔Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881) Alexander III ✔✔Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894) Algecira ✔✔Moroccan Crisis: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison Algerian Liberation Movement ✔✔An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962 American Revolution ✔✔This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Ancien Regime (Old Regime) ✔✔France prior to the French Revolution Anschluss ✔✔The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938 Appeasement ✔✔The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany Saint Thomas Aquinas ✔✔He believed that Christianity's premises and date came from divine revelation rather than from empirical observation. Theology was considered a science, and he was a scholastic. Wrote Summa Theologica Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology ✔✔The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures Armada ✔✔Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England (1588) Army Order Number 1 ✔✔An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was armed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline Article 231 ✔✔Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I Arkwright ✔✔Invented the water frame and steam engine Atlantic Alliance ✔✔Alliance between Thatcher, Kohl, and Reagan over the control of the Atlantic Atlantic Charter ✔✔The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament Sir Francis Bacon ✔✔He gave science a progressionist bias. Science has as a practical purpose the goal of human improvement. His greatest achievement was persuading others that scientific thought must conform to empirical experience. Wrote Novum Organum Michael Bakunin ✔✔Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be led by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state, and create a new social order (1814-1876) Vasco de Balboa ✔✔First European to reach the Pacific Ocean Banalites ✔✔Fees that French peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop, and winepress Baroque ✔✔The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter-Reformation. Characterized by violent movement, strong emotion and dramatic lighting and color. Rembrant, Caravaggio Bastille ✔✔The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of the troops at Versailles Bayle ✔✔Wrote Dictionary. A religous skeptic who attacked superstition, religous attitudes, and dogmatism. Simone de Beauvoir ✔✔Existentialist and feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women (1908-1986) Cesare Beccaria ✔✔Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings Beer Hall Putsch ✔✔Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall Beethoven ✔✔(1770-1827) French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time; Third Symphony, also called the Eroica (originally written for Napoleon) and Ninth Symphony, composed when he was completely deaf Jeremy Bentham ✔✔British theorist and philosopher known for his work, Principles of Morals and Legislation, proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number (1748-1832) Berlin Wall ✔✔Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin and East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West (In 1990, the wall was torn down.) Eduard Bernstein ✔✔Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet- i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP) (1850-1932) Henry Bessemer ✔✔Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel Bill of Rights ✔✔Document declaring that sovereignty resided with the Parliament (1689)