AP Gov: Chapter 6 Judicial Branch U.S. v. Lopez (1995) - -answer-Interstate Commerce Clause was an overreach by government with schools/guns. Schneck v. US (1919) - -answer-speech can be limited if it is considered a "clear and present" danger. First Amendment right does not protect you from everything. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - -answer-Established judicial review; "midnight judges (Federalist Life Appointments);" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court. Struck down Congress' Judiciary Act. Congress does not have the power to pass laws that override the Constitution, such as by expanding the scope of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) - -answer-A 2010 landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals, corporations, and unions could donate unlimited amounts of money to SuperPacs and 501c(4) groups that make independent political expenditures. First Amendment Right. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) - -answer-Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause of the First Amendment. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - -answer-Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." Did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. NY Times Co. v. United States (1971) - -answer-freedom of press, prior restraint. First Amendment Right of Freedom of Speech. "Pentagon Papers" case, was a decision expanding freedom of the press and limits on the government's power to interrupt that freedom. Shaw v. Reno (1993) - -answer-Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Drawing districts based on race violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Precedent - -answer-S.C ruling that sets a legal standard in a case for the first time Trial Courts - -answer-Where most Federal Court cases are tried? Article III, Section 2 [2] of the Constitution - -answer-establishes the judicial branch of the federal government Judiciary Act of 1789 - -answer-A law passed by the first Congress to establish the three basic structures of the federal court system. 9; One chief justice and eight associate Justices - -answer-Number of justices on the Supreme Court Dissenting Opinion - -answer-S.C Justices that disagree with the majority opinion Rule of Four - -answer-four justices have to agree to hear a case for appeal to be granted Concurring Opinion - -answer-S.C Justices that agree with the majority opinion but for different reasons U.S District Court - -answer-Where Court Cases Begin: Senate Judiciary Committee - -answer-Where all Federal Judicial Nominees are first referred to? the president - -answer-Who nominates U.S Federal Judges? Majority Opinion - -answer-the Supreme Court's decision - sums up the case, the Court's decision, and the rationale