1. A patient presents with symptoms of hypoxia. Which cellular process is most likely impaired? - A) Protein synthesis - B) Mitochondrial ATP production - C) Lipid transport - D) Nucleic acid replication Answer: B) Mitochondrial ATP production Rationale: Hypoxia affects the mitochondria's ability to produce ATP through aerobic respiration, leading to energy deficits within the cell. 2. A nurse observes increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a patient's cells. This imbalance is indicative of which condition? - A) Necrosis - B) Apoptosis - C) Oxidative stress - D) Ischemia Answer: C) Oxidative stress Rationale: ROS are byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, but excessive amounts can cause oxidative stress, damaging cellular components. 3. Genetic mutations can lead to altered cellular function. Which type of mutation would most likely result in a nonfunctional protein product? - A) Missense mutation - B) Nonsense mutation - C) Silent mutation - D) Frameshift mutation Answer: B) Nonsense mutation Rationale: A nonsense mutation results in a premature stop codon, producing a truncated and typically nonfunctional protein. 4. In the context of cellular disruptions, what role do heat shock proteins (HSPs) play during periods of environmental stress? - A) They unfold misfolded proteins. - B) They promote cell apoptosis. - C) They enhance DNA repair mechanisms. - D) They stabilize the structure of proteins.