Action Research - ✔✔-Involves actively participating in a change situation, often via an existing organization, while simultaneously conducting research. Scientific Management Theory (Theory X) - ✔✔-According to this theory, the organization is a machine, and the worker is motivated by financial reward. Bureaucratic. "One right way." Takes a limited view of worker motivation. Human Relations Theory (Theory Y) - ✔✔-A theory that focuses on the role of human relationships in organizational efficiency and effectiveness. A focus on human needs will create a better work place. Systems Theory in Management - ✔✔-A theory that focuses on organizations interacting with one another and the recognition that changes in one area will impact other areas. Contingency Theory - ✔✔-Based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches characteristics of the situation at hand. Problem Solving Process Steps - ✔✔-Engaging, assessing, planning, intervention, evaluating, termination of task. Internal Validity - ✔✔-The extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying and, thus, are not due to methodological errors. Addresses how much the intervention can be correlated with the behavior. External Validity - ✔✔-The validity of applying the conclusions of a scientific study outside the context of that study. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli, and times. Test-Retest Reliability - ✔✔-A method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions. Interobserver Reliability - ✔✔-The degree to which two independent observers score the same phenomenon. Reliability and Validity - ✔✔-consistency; accuracy Selectivity - ✔✔-Selectivity denotes benefits made available based on an individual need, usually determined by a test of income. Bowenian Family Therapy - ✔✔-Attempts to improve differentiation and the generational transmission issues. Strategic Family Therapy - ✔✔-Seeks to reduce symptoms through altering styles of feedback that is thought to maintain the problem. Structural Family Therapy - ✔✔-Examines roles and family organization. Tolerance Training - ✔✔-Teaches a client how to be more accepting of people and how to remain calm in frustrating situations. Passivity Training - ✔✔-Teaches a client how to communicate what they really think or want. Assertiveness Training - ✔✔-Teaches clients how to express their feelings without being angry and confrontational and stand up for their rights in social situations. Confidence Training - ✔✔-Teaches a client how to believe in themself and not feel defensive. Interpretation (Technique) - ✔✔-Attempts to draw together behavioral patterns for deeper understanding.