In regards to chromosomal mutation, nondisjunction is known as what? - ANSFailure of homologous chromosomes to separate during cell division What is an example of an autosomal-dominant disease? - ANS-Huntington's disease What is an example of an autosomal-recessive disease? - ANS-Cystic fibrosis What is an example of an X-linked condition? - ANS-Red - green color blindness What is an example of multifactorial inheritance? - ANS-Pyloric stenosis Knowing physiologic signs of injury you might expect the following system is consistent with systemic manifestations of cellular injury during a myocardial infarction (select all that apply) A. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) C. Increased leukocytes D. Pain E. Increase heart rate F. Fever G. Elevated Creatinine Kinase H. Elevated alanin aminostransferase (ALT/SGPT) - ANS-A. elevated aspartate aminotransferase C. increased leukocytes E. increased HR G. elevated creatinine kinase H. elevated alanin aminostransferase The nurse teaching an elderly client about the aging process includes which changes that occur as part of the normal aging process? (select all that apply) A. Increase in total body potassium concentration B. Increased gastric emptying C. Decreased muscle tone D. Wrinkling and atrophy of the epidermis E. Increase in peripheral resistance to blood flow F. Increased formation of autoantibodies - ANS-A. Decreased muscle tone, wrinkling in atrophy of the epidermis E. increase in peripheral resistance to bloodflow F. increased formation of auto antibodies What else is it about the skin that protects individuals from injury and disease? - ANS-Pathogens can be sloughed off by mechanical means, such as falling off in dead skin cells, coughing or sneezing, vomiting, or flushing from the urinary tract in urine. How might the characteristics of skin and the bodily fluids associated with it also help to protect us from infection? - ANS-There is a low pH on the skin and stomach that generally inhibits microorganisms If inflammation is considered a first responder and may be considered to be a hero, at least when it is in a controlled state, what heroic acts may be attributed to it? How might the swelling associated with inflammation actually help with the healing process? Erythema and warmth at a site of injury typically cause discomfort, but how might one take solace in the fact that the response is being initiated? - ANS-It prevents and/or limits infection and additional damage by initiating the influx of plasma, plasma proteins, plasma enzymes, and the distribution of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the injury. It recruits members of the adaptive immunity community to launch a more specific defense against the pathogens and enhances the healing process. What causes redness at the site of inflammation? - ANS-Vasodilation of arterioles from the histamine triggered by mediators or mast cells but then spasm to stop the bleeding What is brought to the injured site when the vasodilation occurs? - ANS-Neutrophils, monocytes, oxygen, nutrients to dilute toxins With vasodilation that dilates the capillaries, what lines the vessels? - ANSLeukocytes How do the traveling leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) arrive at the tissue where the site of the infection is present? - ANS-The cell squeeze through the gaps in the capillary walls to enter at the site of the infection What does phagocytosis do at the site? - ANS-Digests the foreign substances cellular debris Why is fibrinogen important at the site of injury? - ANS-Fibrinogen transforms into fibrin to wall off the injured area, taking the foreign substances to make a mesh to support blood clotting and healing When the injury occurs, what stimulates the pain receptors? - ANS-Prostaglandins Why does the hypothalamus increase the body temperature? - ANS-Pyrogens are released by macrophages when exposed to bacteria What reaction in the body inhibits bacterial growth and causes the liver and spleen to remove iron in the body that some bacteria use for growth? - ANS-fever What do cells release when they are attacked by viruses? - ANS-inferferons Where do interferons travel to and why? - ANS-They spread the infected cells to trigger the making of enzymes that would inhibit the viral replication What system with about 20 blood plasma proteins gets activated to attack the bacteria, causing it to let water into the bacteria's cell to swell, burst, and die? - ANSthe complement system What is the process called that starts with vasodilation; increases permeability of vessels for the WBCs, macrophages, and plasma to go to the foreign cells; and forms a coat around the microbe to kill them? - ANS-phagocytosis Interleukin six is produced primarily by which type of cell? A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts B. Macrophages - ANS-A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts Which are the most predominate proinflammatory factors? A. interleukins B. RBC C. WBS - ANS-A. interleukins In regards to wound healing, what is primary union? - ANS-Wound edges can be matched together with serum and regeneration of tissue and connecting capillaries, fibroblasts, and laying of collagen that pulls the sides together when they shrink. There is typically very little tissue loss (e.g., surgical skin incision). In regards to wound healing, what is secondary union? - ANS-It is a greater area of tissue loss and more inflammation. Greater amounts of tissue replacement, scar formation, and wound contraction result in a more lengthy healing process (e.g., late stage pressure ulcer). A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when the immunization will be effective. The nurse response based on the knowledge that after receiving the vaccine, the levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) are high enough to provide immunization (select all that apply) A. in 7 days B. after 24 hours C. in 10 days D. in 48 hours E. in 14 days F. immediately - ANS-A. in 7 days C. in 10 days E. in 14 days And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The nurse understands that which immune system function changes occur with increased age? (select all that apply) A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies B. Increased thymic hormone production C. Diminished T cell function D. Reduced antibody response - ANS-C. Diminished T cell function D. Reduced antibody response