Which of the following molecular identification methods is commonly used to differentiate bacterial species based on their DNA sequences? A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) B. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) C. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) D. Southern blotting Answer: A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Rationale: PCR is a widely used technique that amplifies specific DNA segments, allowing for the differentiation of bacterial species based on their genetic sequences. What is the main advantage of using MALDI-TOF MS for bacterial identification in clinical microbiology laboratories? A. High cost-effectiveness B. Rapid and accurate identification C. Ability to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing D. Minimal sample preparation required Answer: B. Rapid and accurate identification Rationale: MALDI-TOF MS enables quick and precise identification of bacterial species, making it a valuable tool in clinical settings. Which of the following molecular methods is suitable for detecting genetic mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in bacteria? A. DNA sequencing B. Real-time PCR C. Hybridization techniques D. Gel electrophoresis Answer: A. DNA sequencing Rationale: DNA sequencing allows for the precise identification of genetic mutations that confer antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, aiding in treatment decisions. How does fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) contribute to the