1. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication? A. Unwinding the DNA double helix B. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome C. Adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand D. Cutting the DNA strand to relieve tension Answer: C. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication. It ensures that each new cell has an exact copy of the DNA. 2. Which of the following mutations would likely have the most significant effect on a protein's function? A. A silent mutation B. A missense mutation C. A nonsense mutation D. A frameshift mutation Answer: D. A frameshift mutation, which alters the reading frame of the gene, can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation, often leading to a nonfunctional protein. 3. In the context of genetics, what is meant by 'expressivity'? A. The likelihood of a gene being passed on to the next generation B. The range of phenotypes expressed by a genotype C. The proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the expected phenotype D. The ability of a gene to be transcribed into RNA Answer: B. Expressivity refers to the range of phenotypes expressed by a specific genotype, influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. 4. Which process is responsible for the 'semi-conservative' nature of DNA replication? A. Transcription B. Translation C. Mitosis D. Helicase activity Answer: C. Mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the DNA, with one strand from the parent and one new strand