1. What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory? - A) Dopamine - B) Acetylcholine - C) Serotonin - D) GABA Answer: B) Acetylcholine Rationale: Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in the modulation of neuroplasticity and is essential for the process of learning and memory, particularly in the consolidation of new memories. 2. Which brain structure is most associated with emotional memory? - A) Hippocampus - B) Amygdala - C) Thalamus - D) Cerebellum Answer: B) Amygdala Rationale: The amygdala is involved in the processing of emotions and is critical for the formation of emotional memories, which is particularly important for nursing as it relates to patient care and empathy. 3. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) is a process that strengthens synapses based on recent patterns of activity. Which ion's influx is most critical for LTP induction? - A) Sodium (Na+) - B) Potassium (K+) - C) Calcium (Ca2+) - D) Chloride (Cl-) Answer: C) Calcium (Ca2+) Rationale: Calcium influx through NMDA receptors is vital for LTP induction, which is a cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory. 4. In Alzheimer's disease, which protein abnormality is primarily responsible for the cognitive deficits related to learning and memory? - A) Alpha-synuclein - B) Tau protein