Moral Model (Definition of Addiction) - Dates to the 1850's. - Defines an addicted client as weak in character. Think "moral failure". - Based on the idea that individuals have free choice and are responsible for their behaviors. Think "morals that are aligned with God" and this approach has influenced public policy and the American judicial system. Self-medication Model (Definition of Addiction) - Originated in the 1960's among psychoanalysts. - Assumes that people self-medicate to cope with life problems. A person in emotional pain will self-medicate to find relief which may eventually lead to addiction. -Self-medication hypothesis should be considered parallel with other approaches and not in competition with them. Medical/Disease Model (Definition of Addiction) - First proposed in 1810 by Dr. Benjamin Rush - Addiction identified as a disease rather than a mental disorder or moral failure. - Disease is identified as a severely harmful, potentially fatal condition that manifests itself in an irreversible loss of control over use of psychoactive substances. Disease may go into remission, no known "cure", since the disease is progressive and often fatal, complete abstinence is the treatment goal. Think "addiction is a disease of the brain". - American Medical Association formally accepted this definition of addiction in 1945. - Disease model accepted by World Health Organization (WHO), American Psychiatric Association (APA), American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM), National Association of Social Workers (NASC), & American Public Health (APH). Spirituality Model (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes that addictive disorder stem from a lack of spirituality, that is, being disconnected from a "Higher Power" ("the source of light, truth, love, and wellness"). - AA, NA, etc derive some of their beliefs from this model and help members recover by developing a viable relationship with their "Higher Power". Impulse-Control Disorder (Definition of Addiction) - relatively new definition. - Assumes that either neurobiological or genetic deficiencies make a person unable to control and regulate impulsive behavior(s). - Under certain conditions, such individuals will put themselves at risk and find temporary relief with self-destructive behaviors such as kleptomania, pyromania, and/or drug abuse. Reward Deficiency and Neuro-physiological Adaption (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes that chemical imbalance is manifested as one or more behavioral disorders called the "reward deficiency syndrome". - This disorder is linked by a common biological substrate, a "hard-wired system in the brain (consisting of cells and signaling molecules) that provides pleasure in the process of rewarding certain behaviors."