AMINO ACIDS 1. Identify backbone a. Same in every AA b. 3 groups i. Carboxyl: COO-, COOH ii. Amino: NH3+, NH2 iii. Central carbon (alpha) with a hydrogen: C-H 2. ID type of side chain a. Charged: -, + b. Polar: S, O, N (SH, OH, NH) c. Non-polar: CH 3. Type of bonds a. Charged: Ionic Bonds (- to +) b. Polar: i. SH disulfide bond ii. OH, NH (uncharged)➔ hydrogen bond c. Non-polar: CH Hydrophobic i. Forms core of protein ii. Aggregation • Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons o Peptide and disulfide bonds 4. How to break bonds a. Heat Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures nonpolar/hydrophobic bonds b. Change in pH or Salt tertiary, quaternary structures ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds c. Chemicals/Reducing agents Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures disulfide bonds d. Enzymes or hydrolysis reaction Primary structure pept