1. What was the primary purpose of the Walnut Street Jail, established in 1790 in Philadelphia, which is considered the first penitentiary in the world? A) Rehabilitation of offenders B) Incapacitation of offenders C) Deterrence of crime D) Retribution for crimes Answer: A) Rehabilitation of offenders Rationale: The Walnut Street Jail marked the beginning of the penitentiary system, emphasizing the reform and rehabilitation of the offender rather than just punishment. 2. The "Auburn System" introduced in the early 19th century is known for which of the following characteristics? A) Solitary confinement at night and group labor during the day B) Solitary confinement with total silence C) Corporal punishment as the main disciplinary method D) The tier system of cell blocks Answer: A) Solitary confinement at night and group labor during the day Rationale: The Auburn System, developed in New York, was known for its strict discipline, including solitary confinement at night and congregate work during the day, which was a shift from the purely solitary confinement model of the Pennsylvania System. 3. Which landmark case ruled that the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment was applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment? A) Furman v. Georgia B) Gregg v. Georgia C) Robinson v. California D) Roper v. Simmons Answer: C) Robinson v. California Rationale: In Robinson v. California (1962), the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment was indeed applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.