Today, race is regarded by experts as primarily a social construct __________ are those factors that have no legal legitimate basis and can include things like race, ethnicity, gender, class and other characteristics. These can become sources of bias throughout the criminal justice system. Extralegal factors T/F: Scholar Heather MacDonald argues the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is the result of racism of police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional personnel False The term _________ discrimination refers to differential treatment. It is an action. discrimination Which of the following is/ are not example(s) of a racial hoax? 1) a Mexican-American making up a crime involving a White offender 2) a White law enforcement officer making up crimes and arresting African Americans for the made up crimes 3) a White woman accusing an African American man of a crime she committed _________ discrimination involves differences in outcomes based on policies and formal practices that result in different outcomes Institutionalized A limitation of UCR data is that 1) it reports on five racial categories, but only ethnicity data on Hispanic and nonHispanic 2) not all agencies report on ethnicity One issue with UCR hate crime data is that ******many law enforcement agencies fail to report hate crimes According to Ta-Nehisi Coates in "What we mean when we say 'Race is a Social Construct'" ********** T/F: The term "minority" in this course simply refers to a population size being 50% (a statistical minority) False Mitchell and Caudy's study "Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests" found neighborhood (community) context explains the disparities in drug arrests between Whites and Hispanics The "differential criminal justice system selection hypothesis," asserts that differential police presence, patrolling, and profiling, combined with