Anoxia - a lack of oxygen Apena - the cessation of breathing Asthma - an acute respiratory disorder characterized by unusually sensitive, irritated conducing airways Atelactasis - ateles (incomplete) and ekatasis (expansion); alveolar collapse due to loss of surfactant Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial lining Compliance - an indication of the lungs resilience and ability to expand; the lower the compliance, the greater the force required to fill and empty the lungs; the greater the compliance, the easier it is to fill and empty the lungs Dyspena - difficult or labored breathing Hypercapnia - An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood Hypocapnia - An abnormally low level of carbon dioxide in the blood Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - The amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration Pneumothroax - the entry of air into the pleural cavity Pulmonary Embolism - blockage of a branch of a pulmonary artery producing an interruption of blood flow to a group of lobules and/or alveoli Septal Cells - Secrete surfactant Surfactant - Oily secretion that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse Quiet Breathing - Inhalation involves muscular contractions but exhalation is passive Forced Breathing - Both inhalation and exhalation are active This type of cartilage is located slightly below the thyroid cartilage, it's the first cartiloaginous right of the trachea - Cricoid Cartliage This cartilage is ring shaped, protects the glottis and the entrance to the trachea - Cricoid Cartilage Also known as the "Adam's Apple." It's inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the cricoid cartilage, protects the glottis and the entrance to the trachea - Thyroid Cartilage Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal cords, producing sound waves. - Vocal Pitch What sound is produced when the vocal cords are short and thin and they vibrate rapidly? - Highpitched tone Long, thick vocal cords vibrate more slowly, producing what kind of sound? - Low-pitched tone How many cartilages make up the tracheal wall? - 15-20 cartilages What are the effects of the sympathetic activation the bronchioles? - It leads to relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchioles, causing bronchodilation What are the effects of the parasympathetic activation on bronchioles? - Leads to a contraction of the smooth muscles, causing bronchoconstriction The absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by the cells - Internal Respiration All the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment - External Respiration This is a part of external respiration; gas exchange across the respiratory membrane between alveolar air spaces and alveolar capillaries and across the capillary cell membranes between blood and other tissues - Diffusion A part of external respiration; it's the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs. - Ventilation This is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the expiration reserve volume, and the tidal volume; The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a minimum inspiration - Vital Capacity The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle during quiet breathing; appproximately 500mL (5 to 7 cc/kg) - Tidal Volume The amount f air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation; approximately 1200mL in males and 1100mL in females - Residual Volume The amount of gas in the distal volume that remains in the air passageways unavailable for gas exchange; approximately 150 mL - Dead Space Volume What makes up the respiratory centers? - three pairs of nuclei in the pons and medulla oblongata What are the functions of pons? - They adjust the respiratory rate and depth of respiration in response to sensory stimuli, emotional states or speech patterns; location of apneustic center and pneumotaxic center What's the function of the medulla oblongata? - location of respiratory rhythmicity centers, which set the pace for each respiration, connected via the vagus nerve; involuntary pathway