CHAPTER1:
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay
healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment
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1. This is incorrect. Lay healers traditionally viewed their role as being a function
of their community obligations; however, the emerging medical
establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The emergence of a male
medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era
of the female lay healer.
2. Thisis incorrect. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement
on educational requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was
developed in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was
issued in 1976. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
3. This is incorrect. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was
founded in 1928. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
4. This is correct. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer. Whereas
lay healers viewed their role as being a function of their community
obligations, the emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a
commodity. The era of the female lay healer began and ended in the 19th
century. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded
in 1928. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on
educational requirementsfor the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed
in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in
1976.
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