1. What is the difference between the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior in terms of how they explain health behavior change? Provide an example of each. - The Health Belief Model (HBM) focuses on the individual's perceptions of the threat of a health problem and the benefits and barriers of taking action to prevent or treat it. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) emphasizes the role of intention as a mediator between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control and the actual behavior. For example, according to the HBM, a person may decide to quit smoking if they perceive that smoking is harmful to their health, that quitting will reduce their risk of disease, and that they have the resources and support to quit. According to the TPB, a person may intend to quit smoking if they have a positive attitude toward quitting, if they think that important others approve of their quitting, and if they feel confident that they can quit. 2. How does the Transtheoretical Model describe the stages of change in health behavior? What are some strategies that can be used to help people move from one stage to another? - The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) proposes that health behavior change involves a series of stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Each stage represents a different level of readiness and motivation to change. Some strategies that can be used to help people progress through the stages are: raising awareness and providing information in the precontemplation stage, increasing selfefficacy and reducing ambivalence in the contemplation stage, setting goals and making plans in the preparation stage, providing feedback and reinforcement in the action stage, and preventing relapse and promoting coping skills in the maintenance stage.