TOPIC OVERVIEW I. Neuroscience in the Twenty-First Century A. Why Study Brain and Behavior? B. What Is the Brain? C. Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System D. What Is Behavior? II. Perspectives on Brain and Behavior A. Aristotle and Mentalism B. Descartes and Dualism C. Darwin and Materialism D. Contemporary Perspectives on Brain and Behavior III. Evolution of Brains and of Behavior A. Origin of Brain Cells and Brains B. Evolution of Animals Having Nervous Systems C. Chordate Nervous System IV. Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior A. Humans: Members of the Primate Order B. Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor C. The First Humans D. Relating Brain Size and Behavio