hat characteristic makes English a "deep" alphabetic orthography? - ANS - Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. Which statement most accurately describes how the human brain has evolved to process spoken and written language? - ANS - Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. Which skills are least correlated with reading comprehension in children? - ANS - visual-motor skills and visual-spatial reasoning According to the Simple View of Reading model, which is more important to reading comprehension—word recognition or language comprehension? - ANS - Both are equally important. According to the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress, what percentage of fourthgrade students have scored "basic" or "below basic" in reading? - ANS - 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount Which of these is an example of morphology? - ANS - We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." How does the language system of pragmatics help us to understand why written language is more structured than spoken language? - ANS - Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. Which statement best describes the relative importance of oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension as factors in reading comprehension? - ANS - As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. What adds to the challenge of becoming literate? Select all that apply. - ANS - All meaning resides in the written words alone; there is no additional physical context or gestures, facial expressions, etc., to support meaning. -AND- Reading and writing require learning new forms of language, such as changes to sentence structure, discourse, and presentation of vocabulary and semantics. Which is a characteristic of discourse in spoken language? - ANS - It does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. English vowels are easier for students to pronounce and write than consonants. - ANS - False What makes r-controlled vowel sounds so confusing for students? - ANS - The r takes over the preceding vowel sound. Which of the following sounds is considered a front vowel? - ANS - /ā/ Which of the following vowels require that the mouth shift position during production of the sound? Select all that apply. - ANS - /oi/ -AND- /ou/ Spanish has 22 phonemes represented by 27 symbols, compared to English's 44 phonemes and 26 symbols. - ANS - True The variations common in African American English are predictable and governed by rules. - ANS - True Which of the following misspellings likely results from confusion about unaspirated or deaspirated stop consonants? - ANS - spelling skip as "sgip" In which group of words does a tongue flap create significant differences between American and British pronunciations? - ANS - cattle, city, metal Students in Ehri's prealphabetic phase need instruction in basic oral language skills before manipulating phonemes. - ANS - True Sound chaining should begin with substituting the middle sounds and end sounds in a word, as these are most difficult. - ANS - false Which activities work with students at the early phonological awareness level? Select all that apply. - ANS - having students identify rhyming words in texts you read aloud -AND- having students clap or tap to count the syllables in a word you say -AND- saying a two-syllable word, then asking students to delete one syllable and say the word that results A colleague is going to start beginning sound chaining activities with students at the basic phonemic awareness level, using colored blocks to represent sounds. What is the most important guideline to follow? - ANS - Have students add, change, delete, or move only ONE sound at a time. Which of the following principles are important for teaching phonological skills in particular? Select all that apply. - ANS - Focus students' attention on speech sounds before focusing on letters. -AND- include all English phonemes in instruction. Assessing phonological skills is almost never appropriate after a child has completed first grade. - ANS - False Kelsey is in grade 2. Previously a strong reader, she has now fallen behind. She reads grade-level texts haltingly, struggling to recognize words with blends. Which phonological task would she likely struggle with? Select all that apply. - ANS - "Say crate. Now say crate but don't say /k/."- AND- "Say bask. Now say bask but don't say /s/." Which kinds of tasks are the primary focus of phonological skills assessment in grades K-1? - ANS - phoneme segmentation and blending Phonemic awareness is difficult to measure directly as an isolated skill. - ANS - True