1. What are the common risk factors and symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD)? How would you assess and manage a patient with suspected CAD? - Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and stress. - Symptoms include chest pain or discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, and sweating. - Assessment includes obtaining a detailed history, performing a physical examination, measuring vital signs, and conducting diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests, chest X-ray, echocardiogram, stress test, coronary angiogram, or computed tomography (CT) scan. - Management includes providing oxygen therapy, administering medications such as aspirin, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), statins, anticoagulants, and antiplatelets, educating the patient about lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, weight management, exercise, and dietary changes, and referring the patient for further interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) if indicated. 2. What are the types and causes of urinary incontinence (UI) in adults? How would you assess and manage a patient with UI? - Types of UI include stress UI (involuntary leakage of urine due to increased abdominal pressure), urge UI (involuntary leakage of urine due to overactive bladder), overflow UI (involuntary leakage of urine due to incomplete bladder emptying), functional UI (involuntary leakage of urine due to physical or cognitive impairment), and mixed UI (combination of two or more types). - Causes of UI include aging, pregnancy and childbirth, menopause, prostate enlargement or surgery, neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections (UTIs), constipation, medications, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake. - Assessment includes obtaining a detailed history, performing a physical examination including pelvic or rectal examination if appropriate, measuring urine output and residual volume using a bladder scanner or catheterization if needed, conducting diagnostic tests such as urinalysis, urine culture, postvoid residual (PVR) measurement, urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, or imaging studies if indicated. - Management includes providing bladder training, pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegel exercises), timed voiding, intermittent catheterization if needed, administering medications such as anticholinergics, beta-3 agonists,