1. What are the three main components of the Rapid Response Team (RRT) and what are their roles in acute care settings? (3 points) - The three main components of the RRT are the team leader, the critical care nurse, and the respiratory therapist. The team leader is usually a physician or an advanced practice nurse who coordinates the assessment and management of the patient. The critical care nurse provides bedside care and monitors the patient's vital signs and interventions. The respiratory therapist assists with airway management and oxygen therapy. 2. What are some common causes of acute respiratory failure and how can they be prevented or treated? (4 points) - Some common causes of acute respiratory failure are pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary embolism, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). They can be prevented or treated by avoiding smoking, infections, allergens, and environmental toxins, as well as by administering bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, anticoagulants, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as indicated. 3. What are the indications and contraindications for initiating non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in patients with acute respiratory failure? (3 points) - The indications for initiating NIPPV are hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure that is not responsive to conventional oxygen therapy, impending intubation, or extubation failure. The contraindications for initiating NIPPV are hemodynamic instability, cardiac arrest, facial trauma or surgery, upper airway obstruction, copious secretions, or inability to cooperate or protect the airway. 4. What are the types and complications of central venous catheters (CVCs) and how can they be prevented or managed? (4 points) - The types of CVCs are peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), subclavian catheters, internal jugular catheters, and femoral catheters. The complications of CVCs are infection, thrombosis, air embolism, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and catheter malposition or migration. They can be prevented or managed by following aseptic technique, using ultrasound guidance, securing and dressing the catheter properly, flushing and locking the catheter regularly, monitoring for signs and symptoms of complications, and removing the catheter as soon as possible.