For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by:

Hyperventilating

Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by:

Osmotic forces

Which patient should the FNP assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic 

acidosis?

Renal failure

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

Because infant kidneys are not mature enough to count the fluid losses

When thirst is experienced, how are Osmoreceptors activated?

By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma

Thirst is experienced when water loss equals 2% of an individual's body weight or 

when there is an increase in osmolality. Dry mouth, hyperosmolality, and plasma 

volume depletion activate Osmoreceptors (neurons located in the hypothalamus are 

stimulated by increased osmolality)

What is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for 

transmission of nerve impulses?

The ratio between intracellular K+ and extracellular K+

The ratio of K + in the ICF to K + in the ECF is the major determinant as a resting 

membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of 

nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth 

muscle contraction

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3)and carbonic 

acid (H2CO3)exist in a ratio of

20:1

What are indications of dehydration?

Tachycardia and weight loss

Marked water deficit is manifested by symptoms of dehydration: headache, thirst, 

dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased 

or concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes insipidus ).Skin turgor may 

be normal or decreased. Symptoms of hypovolemia , including tachycardia, with 

pulses, and postural hypotension May be present

Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign indicate

Hypocalcemia

How does the loss of chloride doing vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance

When acid losses caused by vomiting with depletion of ECF and chloride, renal 

compensation is not very effective because the volume depletion and lots of 

electrolytes simulate a paradoxical response by the kidneys. The kidneys increase 

sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with excretion of hydrogen. Bicarbonate is 

ribs are up to maintain an anionic balance because the ECF chloride concentration 

is decreased

In ARDS, alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of the:

activation of surfactant in the impairment of type two alveolar cells

Lung formation and injury damages the alveolar epithelium and the vascular 

endothelium. Surfactant is an activated, and it's production by type II alveolar cells 

is impaired as alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid or collapse

Which plural abnormality involves the site of Plearle ruptured that act as a oneway valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration by preventing its

escape by closing during expiration?

Tension pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax, this site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve, 

permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during 

expiration. As more and more air enters the plural space, air pressure in the 

pneumothorax begins to exceed barometric pressure

Kussmaul respirations May be characterized as a respiratory pattern:

With a slightly increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory 

pause

Pulmonary Edema usually begins at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left 

atrial pressure of _________ mm Hg

20 mm Hg

_____________ Is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute 

lung inflammation and diffuse alveocapillary injury

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARDS

Dyspnea is not a result of

Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata

High-altitude may produce hypoxemia through

Decreased inspired oxygen

The first factors the presence of adequate oxygen content of the inspired air

Oxygen content is lessened at high altitude's

Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, 

use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative 

of:

Emphysema