Vaccinations and immunosuppression. 2 keypoints - ANSWER - - give inactive agents instead
of live agents
- might not work as effectively
live virus vaccine types - ANSWER - Virus:
- measles
- mumps
- polio (oral)
- rubella
- varicella
- yellow fever
- herpes zoster
Bacteria:
- typhoid
inactive vaccine virus - ANSWER - Virus:
- Hep A and B
- HPV
- influenza
- polio (subq)
- rabies
Bacteria:
- anthrax
- cholera
- diphteria
- Lyme
- meningococcus
- pertussis
- plague
- pneumococcus
- tetanus
Immunization recommendation influenza - ANSWER - all ages, all types (pregnant, diabetes,
immunocompromised, etc)
Immunization recommendation pregnancy and weakened immune system - ANSWER - - 1 dose
Tdap
- no varicella, zoster, MMR
HIV and vaccinations - ANSWER - Give inactive agents when CD4 count is greater than 200
cells/ mm3
health screening 18 - 45 years - ANSWER - - BMI
- BP (q2years)
- at age 20: fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides (cardiac testing if
LDL greater than 200 or HDL lower than 40)
- annual breast exam, females
- Pap-smear annually
health screening 45 and up - ANSWER - - blood glucose q3years
- 50 and up: colorectal screening (digital exam annually, sigmoidscopy q5years, colonoscopy
q10yrs)
- PSA with digital exam annually for males
- mammography q1 -2 yrs
- women 65 and up: screen for osteoporosis
top 5 leading causes of death - ANSWER - 1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. respiratory disease
4. stroke
5. accidents
Conjunctivitis; definition - ANSWER - -Pink eyey
- Inflammation of conjuctiva (outer layer of eye)
Conjunctivitis: causes - ANSWER - Chemical, bacterial, viral, allergic, herpetic. Adenovirus is
the most common cause, but bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae)
are also common causes in children.
Conjunctivitis: findings - ANSWER - - redness
- itching
- discharge
- edema eyelid
- may find gonorrhea or chlamydia in eye discharge
Conjunctivitis: management - ANSWER - - cooling
- rule out corneal abrasion
- bacteria: antibiotic solution (gentamicin, neomycin)
- chlamydia: oral tetracycline or erythromycin
- gonorrhea: single dose ceftriaxone
- herpes: refer to opthalmologist
Corneal abrasion: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - disruption of cornea
(clear covering of eye)
- foreign body/ trauma
- pain, redness, photophobia, decreased visual acuity
- ab ointment: gentamicin, sulfacetamide, eye-patch, ophthalmologist
diabetic retinopathy: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - ocular retinal disease
due to DM
- DM, exac by smoking and HTN (macular edema)
- flashing lights in vision, blurred vision, black spots, loss of vision, sustained glucose greater
than 130
- Laser therapy for macular edema, smoking cessation, glucose control, BP control
retinal detachment: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - separation of retina and
choroid
- trauma, intraocular mass, iris inflammation, cataract surgery, DM, sickle cell
- painless vision changes, blurred vision, light flashes, "curtain" over visual field, bullous
elevation without tears
- ophthalmologist for cryotherapy, laser therapy, vitrectomy. If from trauma: eye patch
Central & Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER -
- abrupt blockage of retinal artery causing sudden vision loss> will become permanent without
intervention
- thrombosis/ embolism, arteritis (migraine, older age, afib, DM, HTN, coagulopathies)
- sudden, painless vision loss, sluggish pupil, cherry-red spot at fovea
- EMERGENCY. Put pressure on eyelid, heparin, immediate consult opthalmolohgist. check
coagulopathies, check labs for artherosclerotic disease, blood cultures (endocarditis?),
Glaucoma: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - progressive visual loss, first
peripherally then centrally: chronic open angle or actute closed angle. Optic neuropathy.
- open: too much intraocular fluid production without removal. Secondary from trauma, tumor,
or cataracts. Causes: age, steroids, trauma, family history
- Photophobia, visual blurring, unilateral headache. Increased intraocular pressure.Acute closed:
eye pain and visual disturbance with N/V.
- Acute: Emergency. immediate medication and surgery. Chronic: consult opthalmologist and
monitor. Bimatropost, and beta-blockers. Laser-therapy
Bell's Palsy: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - sudden self-limited unilateral
facial paralysis
- Idiopathic. Cranial nerve VII (7), sometimes viral cause (herpes), HTN, DM, Lyme's
- Unilateral paralysis of face (can't close eye, upper and lower face involved), herpetic lesions,
taste disturbances
- artificial tears, steroids (to treat CN 7 inflammation), antivirals
otitis externa: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - inflammation of the outer ear
(swimmers ear)
- water, fungi, bacterial, trauma, viral
- pain with fullnes of ear, itching, edema, otorrhea
- suction of debris, ab and steroid solution in ear, oral ab's (based on bld culture)
otitis media: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - inflammation of middle ear
- congestion in eustachian tube, respiratory bacteria, neoplasm
- pain, hearing loss, vertigo, nausea, pulsatile otorrhea, red and bulging tympanic membrane,
hole in tympanic membrane with rupture
- ab's (amoxi - 10 days), analgesic for pain, ENT for recurrent
vertigo: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - dizziness
- vestibular neuronitis, meniere disease, damage to CN 8 (meningitis, trauma), damage to brain
stem nuclei, syphilis, drugs, dm, TIA/ CVA
- dizziness, tinitis, N/V, "full" ear, Romberg sign (sways/ falls with eyes closed)
- TSH (to rule out hypothyroidism), CT/ MRI, glucose, treat symptoms/ bedrest, vestibular
suppressants (meclizine, diazepam, scopalamine), antiemetics. low salt and diuretic with meniere
epistaxis: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - nosebleed
- forceful expiration, winter, trauma, sinusitis, HTN, coagulopathies
- bleeding from nose
- head erect and elevated, cotton ball with Afrin, topical lidocaine, nasal packing
sinusitis: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - inflammation of the sinuses
- upper respiratory infections, neoplasms
- pain, headache, congestion
- ab's (amoxi, doxycycl), analgesics
pharyngitis: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - inflammation of pharynx, often
with tonsillitis
- viral (influenza A & B, Adeno) (most common), bacterial (streptococcus), fungal
- pain, fever. Viral: ulcers in oral cavity, edema of lymphoid tissue. Bacterial: white/ yellow
exudate, swollen tonsils, bright red mucosa, high fever. Fungal: white spots
- rapid strep test, throat culture, mono spot, chlamydia testing, pain relief. Strep: AB's (Bicillin,
Cephalxein, azithromycin. Candida/ fungal: Nystatin, fluconazole
Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis): definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - - inflammation
of mucous membrane resulting in airway obstruction because of swelling
- bacterial (H. influenza, streptococcus, S. aureus)
- voice change, dyspnea, anxiety, hoarse voice, drooling, don't examine pharync till x-ray done
- xr-neck, CT neck, xr chest, CBC, bld cult, monitor vitals, ER, protect airway (nasotracheal
intubation), ab's (3rd cephalo: ceftriaxone or vanco, or clinda)
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder: definition, cause, findings, treatment - ANSWER - -
pain in joint
- rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, dentures, dental work
- pain, jaw clicking, earache
- NSAIDS, local heat, soft diet
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