A patient presents with dyspnea, fatigue, and peripheral

edema. Which of the following pathophysiological

mechanisms is most likely responsible for these

symptoms?

 A. Decreased cardiac output

 B. Increased systemic vascular resistance

 C. Hypervolemia

 D. Pulmonary hypertension

 Answer: A

 Rationale: The symptoms described are consistent with

heart failure, which is primarily characterized by

decreased cardiac output leading to systemic and

pulmonary congestion.

A patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Which of the following pathophysiological processes is

primarily responsible for the development of

hyperglycemia in this condition?

 A. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

 B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

 C. Deficiency of amylin hormone

 D. Increased glucagon secretion

 Answer: A

 Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by

insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, leading

to elevated blood glucose levels.

A patient presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea,