1. What are the 4 essential concepts in psychiatric nursing?: Answer 1. safety 2. empathy 3. limit setting 4. trust 2. Therapeutic CommunicationTechniques: Answer 1) ACTIVE LISTENING - Shows clients that they have your undivided attention 2) OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS - Used initially to encourage clientsto tell theirstory in their own way. Ask questions in a language that a client can understand 3) CLARIFYING - Questioning clients about specific details in greater depth or directing them toward relevant parts of the history. 4) SUMMARIZING - Validates the accuracy of the story. 5) sit at eye level & maintain eye contact 3. NontherapeuticCommunicationTechniques: Answer Asking personal questions Giving personal opinions Changing the subject Automatic responses False reassurance Sympathy Asking for explanations Approval or disapproval Defensive responses Passive or aggressive responses Arguing 4. PTSD interventions: Answer - Be nonjudgmental and tactfully honest.