1. What are the three levels of health promotion and prevention, and what are some examples of each? (3 marks) - The three levels are primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs, such as by immunization, education, or environmental modification. Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred, such as by screening, early diagnosis, or treatment. Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects, such as by rehabilitation, chronic disease management, or palliative care. (3 marks) 2. What are the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, and what do they entail? (5 marks) - The five action areas are: - Build healthy public policy: This involves creating policies that support health and well-being at all levels of government and society, such as by regulating tobacco, alcohol, or food industries, or promoting human rights and social justice. (1 mark) - Create supportive environments: This involves enhancing the physical and social environments that influence health and well-being, such as by providing safe workplaces, schools, and communities, or fostering social support and networks. (1 mark) - Strengthen community action: This involves empowering communities to take control of their own health and well-being, such as by involving them in planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion activities, or supporting community-based organizations and initiatives. (1 mark) - Develop personal skills: This involves enhancing the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable individuals to make healthy choices and cope with life challenges, such as by providing health education, literacy, or life skills programs, or facilitating access to information and resources. (1 mark) - Reorient health services: This involves shifting the focus of health services from curing illness to promoting health and well-being, such as by integrating health promotion into primary care, public health, and other sectors, or collaborating with other sectors and stakeholders. (1 mark) 3. What are some of the determinants of health and how do they affect health outcomes? (4 marks) - The determinants of health are the factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations. They include biological factors (such as age, sex, genetics), behavioral factors (such as smoking, diet, physical activity), psychological factors (such