1. Fractures: Answer -A fracture is a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone. -Although traumatic injuries account for the majority of fractures, some fractures are secondary to a disease process (such as pathologic fractures from cancer or osteoporosis). Complications of Fracture Healing: -Delayed union: • Fracture healing progresses more slowly than expected. • Healing eventually occurs. -Nonunion: • Fracture fails to heal despite treatment. • No x-ray evidence of callus formation. -Malunion: • Fracture heals in expected time but in unsatisfactory position, possibly resulting in deformity or dysfunction. -Angulation: • Fracture heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (type of malunion). -Pseudoarthrosis: • Type of nonunion occurring at fracture site in which a false joint is formed with abnormal movement at site. -Refracture: • New fracture occurs at original fracture site. -Myositis ossificans: • Deposition of calcium in muscle tissue at site of significant blunt muscle trauma or repeated muscle injury. Clinical Manifestations: -The clinical manifestations of fracture include immediate localized pain, decreased function, and inability to bear weight on or use the affected part. -The patient guards and protects the extremity against movement. -Obvious bone deformity may not be present. -If a fracture is suspected, the extremity is immobilized in the position in which it is found. -Unnecessary movement increases soft tissue damage and may convert a closed fracture to an open fracture or create further injury to adjacent nerves and blood vessels. Interprofessional Care: -The overall goals of fracture treatment are: (1) Anatomic realignment of bone fragments through reduction (2) Immobilization to maintain realignment, and (3) Restoration of normal or near-normal function of the injured part. Closed Fracture Reduction: