1. Causes of Mental Status Change (AEIOU): Answer A - alcohol E - electrolytes (mostly hypoNa+), endocrine (Addison crisis, hypo/hyperglycemia),and epilepsy (metabolic or toxic) I - Infection (sepsis, septic shock, meningitis) O - overdose (benzos,TCA, SSRIs), opioids, and oxygen (hypoxemia, hypercapnia)U - Uremia (urea, Na+, glucose, ethanol) 2. Causes of Mental Status Change (TIPS): Answer T - trauma (blunt force, hypovolemic/obstructive shock), temperature (hyper/hypothermia), toxicity (overdose, opioids, oxygen) I - Insulin P - psychosis (acute/chronic psych issues) S - Shock, sepsis, SOL (space-occupying lesions), SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage) 3. Assessment - Glasgow Coma Scale (and points/category): Answer • Eyes Open? (4) --> spontaneously (4), with voice (3), with touch (2), not at all (1) • Verbal Response (5) --> oriented (5), confused (4), inappropriate (3), incomprehensible (2), none (1) • Motor Function (6) --> follows commands (6), localizes pain (5), withdraws to pain(4), decorticates (3), decerebrates (2), none (1) 4. Glasgow Coma Scale Score Ranges: Answer • Mild (confused, awake/alert) = 14 - 15 • Moderate = 9 - 13 • Severe (comatose) = d8