1. What are the four phases of the nursing process and what are their main purposes? (4 points) - The four phases of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, and evaluation. Their main purposes are to collect and analyze data about the patient's health status and needs, to identify the patient's actual or potential health problems and prioritize them, to develop and implement a plan of care that is individualized, realistic, and measurable, and to evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of the plan and modify it as needed. 2. What are some of the legal and ethical principles that guide nursing practice? (4 points) - Some of the legal and ethical principles that guide nursing practice are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, confidentiality, and accountability. These principles respect the rights and dignity of patients, promote their well-being and prevent harm, ensure fairness and equity in the allocation of resources and care, uphold the trust and loyalty between nurses and patients, communicate truthfully and honestly, protect the privacy and security of patient information, and accept responsibility for one's actions and decisions. 3. What are some of the common sources of stress for nurses and how can they cope with them? (4 points) - Some of the common sources of stress for nurses are workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of support, violence, burnout, compassion fatigue, moral distress, and COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the ways that nurses can cope with stress are self-care, time management, delegation, assertiveness, communication, teamwork, peer support, counseling, relaxation techniques, exercise, hobbies, spirituality, and professional development. 4. What are some of the key components of effective communication in nursing? (4 points) - Some of the key components of effective communication in nursing are active listening, empathy, respect, clarity, conciseness, feedback, nonverbal cues, therapeutic techniques, cultural competence, documentation, and informatics. These components facilitate understanding, rapport, trust, collaboration, quality care, patient safety, and patient satisfaction. 5. What are some of the major nursing theories and models and how can they be applied to nursing practice? (4 points) - Some of the major nursing theories and models are Nightingale's environmental theory, Peplau's interpersonal theory, Henderson's 14 basic needs theory, Orem's self-care deficit theory,