1. What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women? How

can UTIs be prevented and treated?

A. The most common cause of UTIs in women is **Escherichia coli** (E. coli), a type

of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines. UTIs can be prevented by drinking

plenty of fluids, wiping from front to back after urinating or defecating, urinating after

sexual intercourse, and avoiding irritants such as douches, perfumed products, or

spermicides. UTIs can be treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and cranberry juice or

supplements.

2. What are the signs and symptoms of **preeclampsia**? What are the potential

complications for the mother and the fetus?

A. Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs in some pregnant women, usually after 20

weeks of gestation, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. The

signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include headache, blurred vision, swelling of the

face, hands, or feet, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased urine output.

Preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for the mother and the fetus, such as

eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low

platelets), placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, or stillbirth.

3. What are the risk factors and screening methods for **cervical cancer**? What are

the treatment options for different stages of cervical cancer?

A. The risk factors for cervical cancer include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection,

smoking, immunosuppression, multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, oral

contraceptive use, and family history. The screening methods for cervical cancer

include Pap smear and HPV test. The treatment options for different stages of cervical

cancer depend on the size and extent of the tumor, the presence or absence of lymph

node involvement or distant metastasis, and the patient's preferences and overall health.

The treatment options may include surgery (such as hysterectomy, trachelectomy, or

pelvic exenteration), radiation therapy (external or internal), chemotherapy, targeted

therapy, or immunotherapy.

4. What are the types and causes of **menstrual disorders**? How are they diagnosed

and managed?

A. Menstrual disorders are abnormal conditions that affect the menstrual cycle. They

include **amenorrhea** (absence of menstruation), **dysmenorrhea** (painful

menstruation), **menorrhagia** (heavy or prolonged bleeding), **metrorrhagia**

(irregular or frequent bleeding), **oligomenorrhea** (infrequent or light bleeding), and

**premenstrual syndrome** (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)