What causes type 2 diabetes the body is not able to use insulin in the right way (insulin resistance) causing the pancreas to create lessinsulin causing an insulin deficiency; obesity, unhealthy diet, genetic factors • Define Graves disease,signs and symptoms autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produced by immune system stimulate thyroid to produce too much T4 and T3-most common cause of hyperthyroidism; AKA toxic diffuse goiter; often results in enlarged thyroid gland; S/S of hyperthyroidism may include: irritability, muscle weakness, insomnia, fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, diarrhea, and unintentional weight loss; other S/S include: thickening of the skin on shins (pretibial myxedema). And eye bulging (Graves’ ophthalmopathy) • Symptoms of dysmenorrhea o Painful menstruation that causessharp,suprapubic cramping severe enough to limit activity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache • Diagnosis(lab) prostate disease,s/sx o Lab = PSA (Prostate specific antigen) ▪ Urinary retention, diminishing urine stream, difficulty urinating, interruption of the stream • Understand how the Kidney flows and what is happening at each point in the kidney. o 1 – Renal artery o 2- segmental arteries o 3- Lobar arteries o 4 – Interlobular artieries o 5- Arcuate arteries – supplies renal cortex with blood o 6, 7, 8- glomerulus- blood enters trough the afferent arterioles through the efferent arterioles o 9 – peritubular capillaries o 10 – arcuate vein – receive unoxygenated blood from the renal cortex o 11 – Interlobular veins Glomerulus -Filters fluid from blood into Bowman capsule; prevents passage of blood cells and proteins Proximal convoluted tubule -Transportstwo-thirds of filtered water and electrolytes and all of the filtered bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins from filtrate to interstitium Descending loop of Henle -Transports water; delivers a concentrated filtrate to ascending loop of Henle Ascending loop of Henle -Actively transports Na+, K+, Cl− to produce a hypoosmotic filtrate and a high interstitial osmolality Distal convoluted tubule - Transports Na+, Cl−, water, and urea; responsive to aldosterone; site of macula densa regulation of GFR; secretes H+ and K+ Collecting tubule - Passively transports water under influence of ADH;secretes H+ and K+ • The disease and diagnostic information for different areas of the kidneys: Ex, what would cause flank pain causes a discomfort in the flank (region lying between hip and last rib); may be unilateral (right or left flank) or bilateral (both sides); region of body that is above ilium and below the rib; begins in posterior fashion or in the middle part of axillary line; results from stimulation of specific nerve endings upon stretching of the renal capsule and ureter; causeskidney problems, abdominal aortic aneurysm, back ailments, pyelonephritis, GI disorders (pancreatitis, stomach ulcers, IBS, food poisoning), gynecological problems, renal abscesses, blood clots, herpeszoster infection, radiculitis; S/S: pain in the flank region-usually worse with movement; intensity varies from moderate to acute and depends on underlying cause; side where the pain is felt indicates which kidney has been affected; acute flank pain may be accompanied by: abdominal pain, fever, muscular tenderness, nausea, pain and discomfort when passing urine, vomiting, pink or red urine • Difference between secondary and primary hypothyroidism and aldosteronism o Primary hypothyroidism – related to disease of the thyroid o Secondary hypothyroidism – related to hypothalamus or pituitary gland o Primary aldosteronism - it is caused by a hypersecreting benign adenoma of the adrenal cortex or either unilateral or bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia o Secondary aldosteronism - caused by reduced renal blood flow, which stimulatesthe renin-angiotensin mechanism with resultant hypersecretion of aldosterone • HPV cancer risk most HPV does not cause cancer, high-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer or some HPV infections are not successfully controlled by the immune system; when high-risk HPV persists it changes the cell and if left untreated, gets worse overtime and becomes cancer • Abdominal disease assessment. Lower rt abd etc. o Start in RLQ and go in a clockwise manner • Assessment findings in Cushing’s, Addison’s o Addison’s: S/S include-extreme fatigue, weight loss and decreased appetite, darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), low BP-even fainting, salt craving, low BS (hypoglycemia), nausea, diarrhea or vomiting (GI S/S), abdominal pain, muscle or joint pains, irritability, depression or other behavioral S/S, body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women; these S/S usually develop slow over a period of a few months; disease where the body doesn’t produce enough of certain hormones-adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and aldosterone o Cushing’s: obesity and weight gain, increased fatty deposits (particularly in abdomen, face-moon shaped face-and between shoulders and back-buffalo hump), purple or pink stretch marks noted on breasts, arms, abdomen, and thighs, thinning, fragile skin, slow healing injuries, acne, hirsutism (excessive facial hair and body hair), muscle weakness, fatigue, glucose intolerance, increased thirst and urination, bone loss, high BP, headache, cognitive dysfunction, emotional changes (anxiety, irritability, and depression), frequent infections, irregular periods on women, erectile dysfunction, loss of sexual interest for men, slower rate of growth in children • Reasons to control blood sugar