Question 1: Cellular Adaptation and Injury

 Define cellular adaptation and provide examples of reversible and irreversible

cellular injuries. Explain the mechanisms of cellular injury in hypoxia and the

resulting cellular responses.

 Answer 1: Cellular Adaptation and Injury

 Cellular adaptation refers to the ability of cells to respond to environmental

changes to maintain homeostasis. Reversible injuries include cellular swelling, while

irreversible injuries involve necrosis or apoptosis. In hypoxia, decreased oxygen

supply leads to ATP depletion, causing sodium-potassium pump failure, cellular

swelling, and eventual cell death. The resulting cellular responses include activation

of inflammatory mediators and tissue damage.

 Rationale:

 This question assesses students' understanding of cellular adaptation, injury, and

the pathophysiological processes in hypoxic conditions, essential for nursing

assessment and intervention in clinical settings.

Question 2: Inflammation and Immune Response

 Outline the processes of acute and chronic inflammation, including the key cellular

and chemical mediators involved. Discuss the differences in the immune response

between innate and adaptive immunity.

 Answer 2: Inflammation and Immune Response

 Acute inflammation involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and

leukocyte recruitment mediated by histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.

Chronic inflammation is characterized by tissue destruction, fibrosis, and

mononuclear cell infiltration, with cytokines and growth factors playing prominent

roles. Innate immunity provides immediate, nonspecific defense through physical

barriers and phagocytic cells, while adaptive immunity offers specific, long-term

protection via T and B lymphocytes and memory cells.

 Rationale:

 Evaluating students' grasp of inflammatory processes and immune responses is

crucial for recognizing and managing pathophysiological conditions in nursing

practice, particularly in infection and immune-related disorders.

Question 3: Endocrine Disorders and Hormonal Imbalance

 Describe the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus, including the

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and the resulting hormonal

imbalances. Discuss the clinical manifestations and potential complications

associated with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.