1. What structural change is commonly seen in the bronchi of a patient with chronic bronchitis? A. Bronchial dilation B. Fibrosis of the bronchial walls C. Thickening of the bronchial mucosa D. Squamous cell metaplasia Answer: C. Thickening of the bronchial mucosa Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough. It leads to thickening of the bronchial mucosa due to the hypertrophy of mucous glands. 2. Emphysema leads to a decrease in elastic recoil of the lungs. Which structural component is primarily affected? A. Bronchioles B. Alveolar ducts C. Alveolar sacs D. Elastic fibers Answer: D. Elastic fibers Rationale: Emphysema is a condition where there is destruction of the alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity due to damage to the elastic fibers, leading to air trapping and difficulty in expiration. 3. In a patient with pulmonary fibrosis, which of the following would you expect to find? A. Increased lung compliance B. Decreased lung compliance C. Increased total lung capacity D. Decreased residual volume Answer: B. Decreased lung compliance Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis involves the thickening and stiffening of the interstitial tissue, which reduces lung compliance, making the lungs less expandable during inhalation. 4. A patient with asthma would exhibit which of the following during an acute attack? A. Decreased resistance in the airways B. Increased expiratory flow rates