1. What are the three levels of prevention in primary care and how do they apply to individuals across the lifespan and families? Provide an example for each level. - The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs by reducing risk factors or enhancing protective factors. For example, immunization, health education, family planning, etc. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or injury early, before it causes significant morbidity or mortality. For example, screening tests, early diagnosis, treatment, referral, etc. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury that has already occurred by restoring function, preventing complications and improving quality of life. For example, rehabilitation, palliative care, chronic disease management, etc. 2. What are the four main components of a comprehensive health history and what information should be obtained for each component? Explain why each component is important for primary care. - The four main components of a comprehensive health history are biographical data, reason for visit, present illness and past medical history. Biographical data include basic information about the patient such as name, age, gender, marital status, occupation, etc. This helps to establish rapport and identify demographic factors that may influence health status or access to care. Reason for visit includes the chief complaint or the main reason why the patient seeks care. This helps to focus the history and prioritize the most urgent or relevant issues. Present illness includes a detailed description of the symptoms, onset, duration, frequency, severity, location, radiation, quality, aggravating and relieving factors, associated symptoms and treatments related to the chief complaint. This helps to elicit a comprehensive picture of the patient's current condition and formulate a differential diagnosis. Past medical history includes information about previous illnesses, surgeries, hospitalizations, allergies, medications, immunizations, family history and social history. This helps to identify risk factors, comorbidities, genetic predispositions and lifestyle behaviors that may affect the patient's current or future health. 3. What are the five vital signs that should be measured and recorded for every patient in primary care? What are the normal ranges for each vital sign and what are some possible causes of abnormal values? - The five vital signs are temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. The normal ranges for each vital sign are: - Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F). Abnormal values may indicate infection, inflammation, dehydration, thyroid dysfunction or environmental exposure