___ is a bacterial disease of ruminants most often associated with feeding improperly prepared silage {{Correct Ans- Listeriosis Listeriosis causes multifocal microabscesses in ___ ____ {{Correct Ans- Brain stem ___ ___ is caused by Histophilus somni and involves bacterial toxins causing endothelial damage leading to vasculitis, thrombosis, hemorrhage, and edema {{Correct Ans- Thrombotic meningoencephalitis ___ ___ ___ is caused by Clostridium perfringens type D in young ruminants {{Correct Ans- Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia What kind of infections are sporadic and are usually secondary? {{Correct Ans- Fungal infections With fungal infections, ___ fungi invade hematogenously and produce ___ {{Correct Ans- Hyphal,Vasculitis ___ ___ usually enters the cranium from the nasal cavity and is primarily a meningitis {{Correct Ans- Cryptococcus neoformans True or false: viral infections are the most common agents that infects the CNS {{Correct Ans- True Rabies enters via ___ ___ and replicates in ___ ___ cells before moving up ___ nerve to CNS {{Correct AnsBite wound Skeletal muscle Peripheral ___ infections are uncommon in CNS that usually enter hematogenously and often produces necrotizing lesions {{Correct Ans- Protozoal ___ ___ ___ is caused by Sarcocystis neurona that produces ___ as the most common clinical sign {{CorrectAns- Equine protozoal myelitis,Sarcocystis neurona What are the four categories of Metazoan parasites {{Correct AnsNematodes Trematodes Cestodes Arthropods True or false: cestodes larva are most often found in the CNS {{Correct Ans- False: larval form rarely occurs in CNS ___ ___ ___ is cerebral infarction caused by migration of parasite larvae (___) {{Correct Ans- Feline ischemic encephalopathy Cuterebra sp. ___ ___ ___ includes scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy and is caused by ___ {{Correct Ans- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Prions Pathology of TSEs {{Correct Ans- Vacuolation of neurons and their processes Neuronal degeneration Astrocyte hypertrophy and proliferation Perivascular amyloid deposition Idiopathic inflammatory conditions occur mostly in (large/small) breed dogs and is most severe in ___ ___ and ___ {{Correct Ans- Small Brain stem Cerebellum Primary neuroectodermal neoplasms are most common in (dogs/cats) and rarely in ___ ___ species {{Correct Ans- Dogs Large animal Primary mesenchymal neoplasms are the most common intercranial tumor in ___ & ___ {{Correct Ans- Dogs Cats Examples of metastatic neoplasms of the CNS {{Correct Ans- Malignant melanomas Hemangiosarcomas Carcinomas Lymphoma Peripheral nerve neoplasms are mostly (benign/malignant) and are common in (older/younger) cattle {{Correct Ans- Benign Older What percentage of bone is organic and inorganic? {{Correct Ans-Organic - 30% --Type I collagen and ground substance Inorganic - 70% --Hydroxyapatite Steps of bone remodeling {{Correct Ans-Quiescence Resorption Renewal Formation Mineralization Quiescence Cortical bone is organized into ___, the ___ system, which gives the cortical bone strength and provides channels for ___ ___ {{Correct Ans-Osteons Haversian Blood supply Medullary cavity bone is called ___ or ___ or ____ bone {{Correct Ans- Trabecular Cancellous Spongy Describe flat bone growth {{Correct Ans- Intramembranous ossification Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce bone directly Describe long, short, and irregular bone growth {{Correct Ans- Endochondral ossification Cartilage becomes bone which occurs in metaphyseal growth plates and articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex What are the three zones of metaphysis responsible for lengthening the bone? {{Correct Ans- Resting zone Proliferation zone Hypertrophic zone What is Wolff's law in regards to bone? {{Correct Ans- Bone is deposited where it is required and resorbed where it is not