Cunningham 10e CRITICAL THINKING ANSWERS Cunningham 10e Answers to Practice Quizzes Chapter 1 1. As girls gain an education, they have more income value for their family beyond child production, so there may be less pressure to marry young and have many children; they may also gain more ability to argue for their own employment priorities. 2. Many unanswerable or philosophical questions are not readily answered with scientific approaches. These include questions such as, what is the meaning of life? Is there life after death? Do we have a right to kill others? These types of questions have to do with values and life experience. 3. You can maintain objectivity in several ways. Keeping the identity of survey respondents secret from those who evaluate responses helps to maintain impartiality and objectivity. You can do blind or even double-blind experiments. You can carefully follow the ordered steps of the scientific method in order to be sure you are properly testing you hypothesis. 4. Our vulnerability to environmental degradation varies with wealth, class, location, and other factors. Often, low-income communities have higher exposure to pollution or other hazards; they also have fewer resources such as health care or health and safety infrastructure to protect them. Often income aligns with race, so that people of color frequently face greater environmental risks. 5. In studying the environmental impacts of a rich versus poor country, you ought to examine not only the local environment of each country, but also evaluate the impacts of extracting, shipping, and using resources from remote locations. In other words, what are the environmental impacts of wealthy lifestyles and political/economic systems on the countries that produce the goods and services they use? Chapter 2 1. The boundaries of an ecosystem are often defined in terms of the general characteristics of the plants and animals that live in an area—for example the boundaries of a desert ecosystem might be where moisture increases and vegetation becomes more abundant. All ecosystems are open with regard to energy source (usually the sun), but consider the sources of water, air, food, building material, and other resources. Where do they come from? 2. Entropy means disorder or disor