AROL R. TAYLOR, PhD, MSN, RN Center for Clinical Bioethics Professor of Nursing Georgetown University Washington, DC CAROL LILLIS, MSN, RN Faculty Emerita, Assistant to the Provost Delaware County Community College Media, Pennsylvania PRISCILLA LeMONE, DSN, RN, FAAN Associate Professor Emerita, Sinclair School of Nursing University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Adjunct Associate Professor, College of Nursing Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio PAMELA LYNN, MSN, RN Instructor School of Nursing Gwynedd-Mercy College Gwynedd Valley, Pennsylvania MARILEE LeBON, BA Editor/Writer Brigantine, New Jersey Seventh Edition LWBK696-FM_i-viii.qxd 9/3/10 12:39 PM Page i Aptara Inc Executive Acquisitions Editor: Carrie Brandon Senior Product Manager: Betsy Gentzler Editorial Assistants: Shawn Loht, Amanda Jordan Design Coordinator: Holly McLaughlin Illustration Coordinator: Brett MacNaughton Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. 7th Edition Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2008, 2005, 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 987654321 Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-0-7817-9386-5 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.