Summary NYSTCE - New York State Teacher Certification Exams - NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST ELA Complete Guide.

NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST ELA, Complete Solution

Guide_ Updated 2023.

Prereading - All knowledge, skills and experience that come before conventional

literacy. Students gain oral vocabulary, learn sentence structure, develop phonological

awareness

Running record - An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading

Balanced Literacy Models - strategies teachers use to allow for different learning styles

Phonological awareness - an awareness of an the ability to manipulate the sounds of

spoken words; it is a broad term that includes identifying and making rhymes,

recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words,

identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables.

Phoneme - in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Phonemic Awareness - The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual

sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

5 Major Types of Tasks to develop Phonemic Awareness - 1. Recognize sets of works

have similar sounds (identifying rhyming words in a sentence) 2. Learn to examine a set

of words to determine which is not like the others, oddity task) 3. Learn how to blend

sounds to create words 4. Divide words into their phonemes (segmenting words) and

count the number of sounds in a word 5. Learn how to manipulate the sounds in a word

by substituting or deleting one or many phonemes

Print Concept - Understanding how text works to communicate a message. Includes

handing of books and orientation of text.

Ways to facilitate print concepts - Combining movement activities to convey bottom, top

side. Teach the parts of a book. Experiences with different fonts and text sizes and the

different meanings they have. Spacing. Writing exercises. Use of meta-language to

descibe books.

Track Print - student understands the direction of the text

Alphabet Recognition - being able to identify the letters of the alphabet both capital and

lowercase when asked to do so

Alphabetic principle - the relationship between letters or combinations of letters

(graphemes) and sounds (phonemes)

Letter-sound correspondence - refers to the identification of sounds associated with

individual letters and letter combination.

Short Vowel sounds - every vowel has two sounds, the vocal cords are more relaxed

when producing the short vowel sound because of this the sounds are often referred to

as lax. They can be heard at the beginning of these words: apple, Ed, igloo, octopus,

and umbrella.

Digraph - n. A union of two characters representing a single sound.

Diphthong - n. The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or

running together the sounds.

CVC - consonant-vowel-consonant pattern which produces a short vowel sound or a

closed syllable.

Consonant Clusters - - also called blends

- Consonants that occur side by side within the same

syllable.

-No intervening vowel sound

Phonics - teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound

values

Phonograms - Often called word families, these end in high frequency rimes that vary

only in the beginning consonant sound to make a word. For example, back, sack, black

and track.

Onset - the part of a syllable (or the one-syllable word) that comes before the vowel

(e.g., str in string)

Rime - The vowel and the ending consonants after the onset

Semantic Cues - Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated

with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each

sentence and the evolving whole.

Children use their prior knowledge, sense of the story, and pictures to support their

predicting and confirming the meaning of the text.

Syntactic Cues - hints that rely on language structure or rules (sometimes called

grammatical cues) Grammatical information in a text that readers process to construct

meaning.

Content clues - surrounding words that help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar

words

Syllabication - the ability to conceptualize and separate words into their basic

pronunciation components.

word structure - The way in which the parts of a word are arranged together-used to

determine a word's meaning

syllabication rules - rules for forming/dividing words into syllables

syllabication rules - . To find the number of syllables:Count the number of vowels (a, e,

i, o, u and sometimes y) Subtract any silent vowels (vowel, consonant, -e) Subtract one

vowel from every diphthong.(when two vowels go walking the first one does the

talking)Divide between two double consonants. Never split between digraphs.Usually

divide before a single middle consonant.Divide before the consonant before -le

syllable.Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and root which have vowel

sounds.

ALL syllables have a vowel

compound words - Two or more words combined to create a new word.

prefix - a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning

Suffix - a group of letters placed at the end of a word to change its meaning

Inflectional suffixes - Indicate possession, gender, number in nouns, tense, voice,

person & number & mood in verbs, and comparison in adjectives; do not change the

part of speech of the base. (-ed, -ing)

Sight-word recognition - 1. a word that is immediately recognized as a whole and does

not require word analysis for identification. 2. a word taught as a whole. Note: Words

that are phonically irregular or are important to learn before students have the skills to

decode them are often taught as sight words.

Dolch List - A list of frequently used words compiled by Edward William Dolch, PhD, a

major proponent of the "whole-word" method of beginning reading instruction. Goes up

to 3rd grade

Reading Fluency - ability to decode words quickly and accurately in order to read text

with appropriate word stress, pitch, and intonation pattern (prosody)..

This skill requires automacity of word recognition and reading with prosody to facilitate

comprehension.

Vocabulary - a language user's knowledge of words. Important in Prereading activities.

Use graphic organizers and word webs to introduce and review

domain-Specific vocabulary words - Teacher discusses these when reading nonfiction

in order to develop content clues