MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which statement best describes community-based nursing? a. A practice in which care is provided for individuals and families. b. Providing care with a focus on the group’s needs. c. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs. d. A value system in which all clients receive optimal care. ANS: A By definition, community-based nursing is a setting-specific practice in which care is provided for “sick” individuals and families where they live, work, and attend school. The emphasis is on acute and chronic care and the provision of comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous care. These nurses may be generalists or specialists in maternal-infant, pediatric, adult, or psychiatric mental health nursing. Community-based nursing emphasizes acute and chronic care to individuals and families, rather than focusing on groups, aggregates, or systems. 2. Which statement best describes the goal of community-oriented nursing? a. Providing care to individuals and families b. Providing care to manage acute or chronic conditions c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting d. To preserve, protect, promote, or maintain health and prevent disease ANS: D By definition, community-oriented nursing has the goal of preserving, protecting, or maintaining health and preventing disease to promote the quality of life. All nurses may focus on individuals and families, give direct care to ill persons within their family setting, and help manage acute or chronic conditions. These definitions are not specific to community-oriented nursing. 3. Which of the following is the primary focus of public health nursing? a. Families and groups b. Illness-oriented care c. Individuals within the family unit d. Health care of communities and populations ANS: D In public health nursing, the primary focus is on the health care of communities and populations rather than on individuals, groups, and families. The goal is to prevent disease and preserve, promote, restore, and protect health for the community and the population within it. Community-based nurses deal primarily with illness-oriented care of individuals and families across the life span. The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community, and the focus of practice is on individual or family-centered illness care. 4. Which of the following is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the 20th century? a. Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research b. Advances in surgical techniques and procedures c. Sanitation and other population-based prevention programs d. Use of antibiotics to fight infections ANS: C There has to be indisputable evidence collected over time that public health policies and programs were primarily responsible for increasing the average life span from 47 in 1900 to 78.6 years in 2017, an increase of approximately 60% in just over a century plus through improvements in (1) sanitation, (2) clean water supplies, (3) making workplaces safer, (4) improving food and drug safety, (5) immunizing children, and (6) improving nutrition, hy