1. What are the vital signs?: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure 2. vital signs are a means of?: assessing vital or critical physiological functions. 3. Monitoring vital signs:: performed on a regular basis. Frequency determined by; providers prescription and/or nursing judgement, client's condition, and facility standards. 4. Facility Standards for Monitoring: Hospital: every 4 to 8 hr Home health setting: each visit Clinic: each visit Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs): weekly to monthly 5. Vital sign normal range for Adult temperature;: oral: 98F - 98.6F (36.7C-37C) Rectal: 99F - 99.6F (37.2C-37.6C) 6. Normal vital signs in newborn: Temperature: 36.8°(98.2° F) axillary Pulse: 130 average (80-180)bpm Respirations: 30-60 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 80/40 7. Normal vital sign for age 1-3 years: Temperature: 37.7C (98.2F) rectal Pulse: 110 average (80-150) bpm Respirations: 20-40 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 98/64 8. normal vital sign for age 6-8 years: Temperature: 37.0C (98.6F)oral Pulse: 95 average (75-115) Respirations: 20-25 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 102/56 9. normal vital sign for age 10 years: Temperature: 37.0C (98.6F)oral Pulse: 90 average (70-100) Respirations: 17-22 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 110/58 10. normal vital sign for teens: Temperature: 37.0C (98.6F)oral Pulse: 80 everage (70-100) Respirtaions: 15-20 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 110/70 11. normal vital sign for adult over 70: Temperature: 35C-36C (95F-96.8F) oral Pulse:80 average (60-100) Respirations: 12-20 breaths/min Blood pressure avg.: 120/80 up to 160/95 Vital Signs 2022 Exam Questions with Answers 2 / 8 12. Temperature definition: Degree of heat maintained by the body. Difference between heat produced by the body and heat lost to the environment. 13. core temperature definition: The "traditional" normal range;97F to 100.8F with some variation. Typically 1F higher than skin temperature. Rectal and tympanic sites measure core temperature. 14. Surface temperature definition: Lower than core temperature. Use oral or axillary method. Document teh thermometer reading and the route of assessment. We can't accurately convert temperature between sites. 15. Thermoregulation: Process of maintaining a stable temperature. Constant body temperature= balance between heat production and heat loss. center of control is the hypothalamus. 16. Production of body heat: Metabolism: uses energy & generates heat. Skeletal muscle movement: Increases temp. (Running, Shivering). Nonshivering thermogenesis: brown fat. 17. changes in temperature can occur via?: Radiation:loss of heat through electro-magnetic waves emitting from surfaces that are warmer than the surrounding air. Convection: transfer of heat through currents of air or water. Evaporation: water is converted to vapor and lost from the skin (as perspiration) or the mucous membranes (through the breath) Conduction: transfer of heat from a warm to cool surface by direct contact. 18. What are factors that influence body temperature?: Developmental level Environment Gender Exercise Emotions and stress Circadian rhythm 19. Fever (Pyrexia): High body temperature (greater than 100 F) Occurs in response to pyrogens (ex. Bacteria) Pyrogens induce secretion of substances (prostaglandins) that reset the hypothalamic thermostat at a higher temperature. 20. Hyperpyrexia: Abnormally high body temperature; fever greater than 105.8F 21. Hypothermia: Core temperature below normal (less than 95F) Associated with extended exposure to cold (ex. extreme weather, immersion in cold Vital Signs 2022 Exam Questions with Answers 3 / 8 water, or lack of shelter and clothing. Sometimes deliberate:cardiac/neuro surgery.