WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 2 LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|AGRADE

WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 2

LATEST VERSIONS A AND B EACH VERSION CONTAINS 100

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH

RATIONALES|AGRADE

VERSION A

What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their

meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is acidic

-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the

body or not enough base in the body

-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the

body

What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their

meanings? - ANSWER- -pH is alkaline(basic)

-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body

or not enough acid in body

respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to not enough CO2 in

body

What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of acidosis? - ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):

hyperventilation- releasing CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and releasing it

will increase the pH

respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidney will

increase reabsorption of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it

increases the pH

What are the 2 compensations for the 2 types of alkalosis? - ANSWERmetabolic(compensation done by the respiratory system):

hypoventilation- retaining CO2 because CO2 is an acid, and retaining it

will decrease the pH

respiratory(compensation done by the metabolic system): kidneys will

increase secretion of HCO3-, and because HCO3- is basic, it decreases

the pH

What are the functions of blood? - ANSWER- -transportation of

nutrients and hormones

-regulation of water and pH

-defense against infections and blood loss

What is blood composed of? - ANSWER- fluid plasma and blood

cells(RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)

What is plasma composed of? - ANSWER- Water, hormones, ions,

molecules, and proteins

What are the plasma proteins and their functions/characteristics? -

ANSWER- albumin: 2/3 of the plasma proteins, produced by liver,

creates and maintains oncotic pressure

globulins: 3 types- alpha, beta, and gamma, make up immunoglobulins

clotting proteins: 12 different types, produced by liver

What is erythropoiesis and its characteristics? - ANSWER- -the process

of RBC production

-produced by bone marrow from stem cells, production is controlled by

erythropoietin(released by kidneys)

What are the functions of hemoglobin and its structure? - ANSWER- -to

transport O2 in blood

-4 chains with 1 heme group each that contains iron that binds oxygen

What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? - ANSWER- factors

that influence oxygen-hemoglobin binding and release

What are the characteristics of Right Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin

dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a low affinity to O2,

so oxygen is released to tissues

-pH is down, DPG is up, and temp is up

What are the characteristics of Left Shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin

dissociation curve? - ANSWER- -hemoglobin has a high affinity to

oxygen, so it doesn't release O2 to the tissues

-pH is up, DPG is down, and temp is down

What is hematocrit and its normal values for males and females? -

ANSWER- -the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

-average male percentage range: 43-49%

-average female percentage range: 37-43%

What is the function of iron in blood, the 2 proteins associated with it,

and their functions? - ANSWER- -iron binds oxygen, and it is

transported in hemoglobin in RBCs

-transferrin: transports iron along the body

-ferritin: stores iron along the body

What are the characteristics of RBCs? - ANSWER- -around 120 day

lifespan

-shape: biconcave disc

-destroyed in the spleen by macrophages(WBCs)

When RBCs are destroyed in the spleen, what is released? - ANSWER- -

chains of amino acids, iron, and heme that gets broken down into

bilirubin

What is hemostasis? - ANSWER- the process in which our body stops

bleeding

What are the 2 types of hemostasis? - ANSWER- -platelet

plug(primary): for minor injuries

-clot formation(secondary): for severe injuries, used along with platelet

plug

What are the 3 steps in primary hemostasis? - ANSWER- -vessel injury

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