During gluconeogenesis, how many ATP molecules are consumed for each glucose molecule produced? -Correct Answer- 6 Which molecule signals the liver to release glucose by breaking down glycogen? -Correct AnswerGlucagon Which molecule is regenerated with the production of lactate during anaerobic metabolism? - Correct Answer- NAD+ During aerobic metabolism, acetyl-CoA is produced from which molecule? -Correct AnswerPyruvate Why would a marathon runner consume a large meal full of complex carbohydrates the night before her run? -Correct Answer- Replenish cellular stores of glycogen, Under high glucose conditions, cells perform glycogenesis, a process of building glycogen from glucose Why must red blood cells rely solely on glycolysis to make ATP and rely on the Cori Cycle? -Correct Answer- Red blood cells do not have Mitochondria. What are advanced glycation end products (AGEs)? -Correct Answer- Glucose molecules linked to lipids or proteins without the need for enzymes Why are blood glucose levels high in patients with unmanaged Diabetes Mellitus? -Correct AnswerCells do not move enough GLUT4 transporters to their cell membranes. What kind of molecule is glycogen? -Correct Answer- A complex carbohydrate What happens in the muscle cells when they respond to insulin? -Correct Answer- GLUT4 transporters move to the surface of the cell. What is the function of fermentation during anaerobic metabolism? -Correct Answer- Regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis. How does the proton gradient affect the pH of the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space? -Correct Answer- The concentration of protons in the intermembrane space is higher than the concentration in the matrix. 1) Fats (triglycerides), 2) Proteins & 3) Carbs are broken down into? -Correct Answer- 1) Fatty Acids 2) Amino acids 3) Glucose Under normal oxygen concentration, approximately how many ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters the process of metabolism? -Correct Answer- 30 ATP synthase -Correct Answer- Allows protons to flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix and generates ATP Aerobic Respiration -Correct Answer- NADH and FADH2 are produced from NAD+ and FAD during the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis is the conversion of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate. Is this a catabolic process or an anabolic process? -Correct Answer- Catabolic (Large broken into small) What is the final product of glycolysis? -Correct Answer- 2 pyruvate If something prevents the Electron Transport chain, what will build up? -Correct Answer- ADP, protons cannot be pumped into the intermembrane space and ATP will decrease Glucose that is phosphorylated after entering the cell cannot move through GluT transporters. - Correct Answer- True Electron Transport Chain, hydrogens are pumped by complexes _________ and move from the matrix to the _________. -Correct Answer- I, III, & IV; intermembrane space Anaerobic conditions the pyruvate will be converted into? -Correct Answer- Lactate and enter the Cori cycle Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules through which process? -Correct Answer- Substrate level phosphorylation During Anaerobic metabolism what molecule is formed by fermentation? -Correct Answer- Lactate In the Cori Cycle (Anaerobic metabolism), lactate produced by muscle cells is converted to what in the Liver? -Correct Answer- Glucose In the Cori Cycle (Anaerobic metabolism), muscle cells produce -Correct Answer- Lactate What is expected to occur when oxygen is not present? -Correct Answer- The proton gradient dissipates, resulting in a dramatic reduction in ATP production that can lead to cell death. What is the first step of glucose metabolism in anaerobic and aerobic? -Correct Answer- Glycolysis to produce Pyruvate