What is working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)? ✔✔It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute. What is positive reinforcement? ✔✔Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner finds desirable. What is metacognition? ✔✔Thinking about thinking What is an accurate comparison between behaviorist and social cognitive theories of learning. ✔✔social cognitive theorists propose that reinforcement affects observers as well as the individuals actually being reinforced. In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept? ✔✔self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which: ✔✔Something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response - No homework after doing well on an exam - Car chiming until you put your seatbelt on Ms. O'Connor reinforces James every time she sees him reading independently. Once he is reading frequently, she begins to reinforce him only every second time, then only every third time, and so on, gradually reinforcing him less and less often. From a behaviorist perspective, we can predict Jimmy will: ✔✔Continue to read independently Which one of the following statements best characterizes ho reinforement of incompatible behavior can help reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom? ✔✔An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for a behavior in an opposite manner Social cognitive theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning: ✔✔through observations of others One characteristic common to all behavorist learning theories is an emphasis on: ✔✔the effect of the environment on learning Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? ✔✔Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner wants. If we want to enhance students' metacognitive processes during problem solving, we would be most likely to: ✔✔suggest questions that students might ask themselves as they work on problems. Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition? ✔✔Dolly is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter. Criterion-Referenced Assessment ✔✔- Helps to figure out whether of not the teaching and students' learning meet the international goals and the content area standards for the covered material. - assess strengths and weaknesses of students' understanding - Focus is on standards Which one of the following eamples illustrates informal assessment? ✔✔observing how students handle the ball as they play soccer in gym class Which one of the following is the best example of performance assessment ✔✔having students do as many push-ups as they can by encouraging students to evaluate their own performance during assessment activities we are most likely to: ✔✔promote self-regulation Which one of the following is a legitimate concern about the use of performance assessment? ✔✔its reliability and content validitly are sometimes questionable. Which of the following students show motivation consistent with theoretical views of self worth? ✔✔Monica doesn't read the comments her teacher has written on her research paper because she suspects that they're not very flattering. which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists' concept of sense of selfdetermination? ✔✔Believing that you have some choice about what you do. Norm-Referenced Assessment ✔✔- Individual performance - In your music class the teacher decides on chair order by having your whole trumpet section play the same piece and then evaluates their quality relative to the other students. - Top 10% of your class in order to get into a certain college Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal assessment ✔✔informal assesment is valid Ms. Smith's 7th grade language arts class has a reading chart on the wall to chart how mny books they read during the month of december. If they read 3 books each, the class as a wholewill receive a movie day where they get to choose a movie. What type of motivation is this classified as? ✔✔Extrinisic motivation